Process for Powering a Compression Ignition Engine and Fuel Therefor

ABSTRACT

A diesel engine fuel composition comprising methanol at a level of at least 20% by weight of the fuel; water at a level at least 20% by weight of the fuel; a ratio of water to methanol of between 20:80 to 80:20; a total amount of water and methanol of at least 60% by weight of the fuel composition, and one or more additives, in a total amount of at least 0.1% by weight of the fuel, wherein the level of sodium chloride, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 0.5% by weight of the fuel, and the level of flavourant, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 1.5% of the composition is provided. Also provided is a process for powering a compression ignition engine using a fuel comprising methanol and water, including inlet air pre-heating, and associated systems and uses of the fuel composition.

The present invention relates to a new fuel composition and process for powering a compression ignition type of internal combustion engine.

This application claims priority from Australian patent applications AU2010905226 and AU2010905225. This application is also related to an International application entitled “Fuel and process for powering a compression ignition engine” filed by the same Applicant on this day with a common priority claim. The specification of the related International application is herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The pursuit for fuel alternatives to conventional fossil fuels is primarily driven by the need for a ‘clean’ emissions fuel coupled with low production costs and wide availability. Much attention is paid to the environmental impact of fuel emissions. Research into alternative fuels focuses on fuels that will reduce the amount of particulate matter and oxides produced by fuel combustion as well as fuels that reduce the non-combusted fuel and CO₂ emissions and other products of combustion.

The drive for environmentally friendly fuel compositions for transport applications has focused on ethanol. Bio-materials such as organic plant matter can be converted into ethanol, and ethanol produced by such processes has been used as a partial replacement of fuels for spark ignition engines. Whilst this reduces the reliance on non-renewable resources for fuels, the environmental outcomes arising from the use of these fuels in engines has not been substantially improved in an overall sense, with cleaner combustion being offset by continuing use of such fuels in lower efficiency spark ignition engines, and negative environmental impact associated with the use of energy, arable land, fertilisers and irrigation water to create fuel.

Other fuel alternatives for complete or partial replacement of traditional fuels have not become widely used.

One major disadvantage with the complete replacement of traditional fuels, and in particular fuels for compression ignition engines (diesel fuels), with a renewable replacement fuel, relates to the perceived problems associated with the low cetane index of such fuels. Such fuels present problems for achieving ignition in the manner required for efficient operation of the engine.

The present applicants have also recognised that in some remote locations or environments, water is a scarce resource, and in such locations there can be a demand for power generation (such as through diesel engine electricity generation) coupled with water by-product capture for re-use in the local community. In addition moving bulk energy via liquid pipeline is a long standing and cost effective technique for moving large quantities of energy over long distances with minimum visual impact, compared to overhead transmission lines.

The present applicants have also recognised a need in some locations for heat generated in such industrial processes to be captured and re-used in the local community. In some instances this need is coupled to the need for water capture for reuse, referred to above.

In summary, there is a continuing need for alternative fuels for use in internal combustion engines. Fuels that can reduce emissions are of interest, particularly where the improved emissions profile is obtained without a major adverse impact on fuel efficiency and/or engine performance. There is also a need for methods of powering compression ignition engines that enable such engines to be run on diesel replacement fuels containing components not traditionally thought to be suitable for use in such applications. There is additionally a need for diesel engine fuels and engine operation methods that are suited to use in remote locations, or in environmentally sensitive environments (such as in high latitude marine environments particularly in port areas in terms of emissions) or other areas such as remote dry but cold inland areas that can make maximum use of all by-products of the engine operation, including, for example, the heat and water by-products. These objectives are preferably addressed with as little as possible penalty to fuel efficiency and engine performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is provided a diesel engine fuel composition comprising:

-   -   methanol at a level of at least 20% by weight of the fuel;     -   water at a level at least 20% by weight of the fuel;     -   a ratio of water to methanol of between 20:80 to 80:20;     -   a total amount of water and methanol of at least 60% by weight         of the fuel composition, and     -   one or more additives, in a total amount of at least 0.1% by         weight of the fuel, wherein the level of sodium chloride, if         present as an additive, is between 0 to 0.5% by weight of the         fuel, and the level of flavourant, if present as an additive, is         between 0 to 1.5% of the composition.

In accordance with the present invention there is also provided a process for powering a compression ignition engine using a fuel comprising methanol and water, including:

-   -   pre-heating an intake air stream, introducing the pre-heated air         into a combustion chamber of the engine and compressing the         pre-heated air; and     -   introducing the fuel into the combustion chamber and igniting         the fuel/air mixture to drive the engine.

The invention can result in simplification and a lower cost of fuel manufacture and reduced environmental impact by elimination of the need for production of high purity components and by-product components, by acceptance of a blend of such components into a fuel according to the methods described herein. Cost and environmental benefit may also arise from the use of fuel in cold climates, since the freezing point of the fuel can readily meet any low temperature environments likely to be encountered.

The exhaust resulting from fuel combustion may contain low impurities, making it ideal for subsequent processing. As one example, the CO2 may be converted back to methanol to directly reduce the greenhouse gas CO2 or high purity CO2 can be used for organic growth such as algae for multiple end uses including methanol manufacture, utilizing energy sources which can include renewable sources, including solar.

According to one embodiment, the additive comprises ether, at a level of up to 20% by weight of the fuel. The ether may be dimethyl ether.

In some embodiments, water generated during fuel combustion can be recovered, which is a major advantage for remote areas where water is scarce. In other instances, heat generated in operation of the diesel engine can be utilised for local area heating requirements. Some embodiments as described below accordingly provide systems for power generation through the operation of a diesel engine which utilise the water and/or heat output of the engine in a suitable way.

In accordance with the present invention there is further provided a power generation system comprising:

-   -   powering a compression ignition engine using a methanol-water         fuel to generate power;     -   preheating an inlet air stream of the compression ignition         engine, and/or fumigating the inlet air stream with an ignition         enhancer;     -   treating engine exhaust gas to recover exhaust heat and/or water         from the engine, and redirecting the heat and/or water for         further use.

In some embodiments the heat and/or water can be recycled back into the engine for re-use. Alternatively or additionally, the heat and/or water can be re-directed locally for use elsewhere. In one example, heat may be supplied through a hot water loop to a nearby community to provide the community with energy in the form of heat, for example to heat domestic or commercial premises. The engine in this example could be used to generate electricity for the community, which may especially be beneficial to remote communities.

In other embodiments the system may be adapted to power vehicles, including rail and marine vehicles. In these applications exhaust is treated to remove particulates, and recover heat and water for re-use in the engine and for other use as required on the rail or marine vehicle.

In accordance with the present invention there is still further provided a method of transporting a two-part pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and ether, including transporting the pre-fuel from a first location to a second location remote from the first location, and separating the ether from the methanol to yield a first fuel part comprising methanol, and a second fuel part comprising ether.

In accordance with the present invention there is still further provided a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and up to 10% by weight of an ether.

In accordance with the present invention there is still further provided use of the diesel fuel composition described above in the process or power generation system described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a process for powering a compression ignition engine in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph of the weight % of dimethyl ether (DME), as ignition enhancer, to be fumigated into an engine (compared to the weight of the fuel), plotted against the temperature change of the compressed fuel/fumigant/air mixture, for three fuel compositions (100% methanol, 70% methanol:30% water and 40% methanol:60‰ water). The plot relates to one method which may be utilised in support of the ignition enhancement techniques described below;

FIG. 3A is a flow chart illustrating a process for powering a compression ignition engine and treating engine exhaust, with waste heat used as a separate heating source through a hot water loop;

FIG. 3B is a flow chart similar to FIG. 3A but excluding the step of fumigating the engine intake air;

FIG. 4A is a more detailed view in the flow chart of FIGS. 3A and 3B of the exhaust treatment;

FIG. 4B is a similar view to FIG. 4A, but without a final exhaust air exchange condenser;

FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrating a process for powering a compression ignition engine to drive a rail vehicle and treating engine exhaust;

FIG. 5B is a flow chart similar to FIG. 5A but excluding the step of fumigating the engine intake air;

FIG. 6A is a flow chart illustrating a process for powering a compression ignition engine to drive a marine vehicle and treating engine exhaust;

FIG. 6B is a flow chart similar to FIG. 6A but excluding the step of fumigating the engine intake air;

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the Brake Thermal Efficiency of a compression ignition engine with fumigation of DME using fuels containing varying amounts of water and amounts of methanol, DME and DEE in the liquid phase;

FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the Brake Thermal Efficiency of a compression ignition engine using fuels containing varying amounts of ether as ignition enhancer, and utilizing DME as fumigant;

FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the NO exhaust output of a compression ignition engine using fuels containing varying amounts of water and utilizing DME as fumigant;

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the process and instrumentation of the testing facility used in obtaining the results of Example 1;

FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the reduction in NO exhaust output of a compression ignition engine by increasing the amount of water in the methanol-water fuel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The fuel and process described herein is suitable for powering compression ignition (CI) engines. In particular the fuel and process is most suitable, but not limited to, CI engines operating at low speeds such as 1000 rpm or less. The speed of the engine may even be 800 rpm or less, for instance 500 rpm or less. The speed of the engine may even be 300 rpm or less, for instance 150 rpm or less.

The fuel is therefore suitable for larger diesel engines such as those operating on ships and trains, and in electrical power generating plants. The slower speeds in larger CI engines allows sufficient time for combustion of the selected fuel composition to be completed and for a sufficiently high percentage of the fuel to be vaporized to achieve efficient operation.

It is however understood that the fuel and process described herein could operate with smaller CI engines operating at higher speeds. In fact, the preliminary test work was conducted on a small CI engine operating at 2000 rpm and 1000 rpm, demonstrating that the fuel is also capable of powering such higher speed engines. In some instances, adjustments may assist the use of the fuel and process on smaller (higher rpm) CI engines, and some of these are elaborated below.

Fuel Composition

The fuel composition for the process comprises methanol and water. The fuel is a compression ignition engine fuel, that is, a diesel engine fuel.

To date, methanol has not found commercial application in compression ignition engines. The disadvantages with using methanol as an engine fuel, either neat or blended, is highlighted by its low cetane index, which is in the range of 3 to 5. This low cetane index makes methanol difficult to ignite in a CI engine. Blending water with methanol further reduces the cetane index of the fuel making combustion of the methanol/water blend fuel even more difficult, and thus it would have been considered counter-intuitive to combine water with methanol for use in CI engines. The effect of water following fuel injection is one of cooling as the water heats up and evaporates, further lowering the effective cetane.

However, it has been found that a methanol-water fuel combination can be used in a compression ignition engine in an efficient manner and with cleaner exhaust emissions, provided that the intake air stream introduced into the combustion chamber of the engine is sufficiently pre-heated. Further factors elaborated below also contribute to maximising the effective operation of a CI engine with this fuel. As a secondary measure, the intake air stream may be additionally fumigated with a fumigant comprising an ignition enhancer.

The fuel may be a homogeneous fuel, or a single phase fuel. The fuel is typically not an emulsion fuel comprising separate organic and aqueous phases emulsified together. The fuel may therefore be emulsifier free. The accommodation of additive components in the fuel is assisted by the dual solvency properties of both methanol and water, which will enable dissolution of a wider range of materials across the various water:methanol ratios which can be utilised.

Surprisingly, it has been found that a particular new fuel composition based on methanol and a relatively high water level can be used as the fuel for compression ignition engines. The fuel may be referred to as a diesel fuel. Although some fuel compositions based on methanol and water have been described previously, fuels of this type containing high water levels have not been shown to be capable of operating a compression ignition engine. Specifically, methanol fuels with a water component have only been described for use in as a heating or cooking fuel, where the fuel is burned to generate heat. The principles that apply to diesel engine fuels are very different, since the fuel must ignite under compression in the compression ignition engine. Very little, if anything, can be gleaned from references to the use of methanol and other components in cooking/heating fuels. However, the techniques described herein enable the new fuels described herein to operate a compression ignition engine.

One new diesel fuel composition comprises:

-   -   methanol at a level of at least 20% by weight of the fuel;     -   water at a level at least 20% by weight of the fuel;     -   a ratio of water to methanol of between 20:80 to 80:20;     -   a total amount of water and methanol of at least 60% by weight         of the fuel composition, such as at least 70%, at least 80% or         at least 85% by weight of the fuel composition, and     -   one or more additives, in a total amount of at least 0.1% by         weight of the fuel, wherein the level of sodium chloride, if         present as an additive, is between 0 to 0.5% by weight of the         fuel, and the level of flavourant, if present as an additive, is         between 0 to 1.5% of the composition.

According to one embodiment, the additive comprises ether, at a level of up to 20% by weight of the fuel. The ether may be dimethyl ether or diethyl ether.

The water level may be above 20% by weight of the fuel composition in some embodiments. The minimum water level of some embodiments is described below. For example, the minimum water level may be greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 45%, greater than 50%, greater than 55%, greater than 60%, greater than 65% or even greater than 70% by weight of the fuel.

Such high water content methanol-water diesel fuel compositions have not hitherto been established to be capable of operating a compression ignition engine. However, these high water content methanol-water fuel compositions described herein can operate a compression ignition engine, particularly when that engine is operated in accordance with the process described herein. This may involve inlet air preheating, or fumigation of the inlet air with a fumigant.

All amounts referred to in this document are by reference to weight, unless specified otherwise. Where a percentage amount of a component in the main fuel composition is described, this is a reference to the percentage of that component by weight of the fuel composition. When a fumigant is used, this is not considered as part of the fuel composition itself, so the fuel composition in this context is read as excluding fumigant.

Whilst this specific new diesel fuel composition forms one aspect of the present invention, and can be used in the operation of the process of the present invention, methanol-water fuels containing lower water levels may also be used in the process. In the following, features of the more general methanol-water fuels are described. It is noted that features of these fuels may be present in the new diesel fuels claimed in this application.

In general, the relative amount of water to methanol in the fuel composition may be in the range of from 0.2:99.8 to 80:20 by weight. According to some embodiments, the minimum water level (relative to methanol) is 1:99, such as a minimum ratio of 2:98, 3:97, 5:95, 7:93, 10:90, 15:95, 19:81; 21:79. The upper limit of water (relative to methanol) in the composition according to some embodiments is 80:20, such as 75:25, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 or 40:60. The relative amount of water in the composition may be considered to be in the “low to medium water” level range, or a “medium to high water” level range. The “low to medium water” level range covers the range from any of the minimum levels indicated above to a maximum of either 18:82, 20:80, 25:75, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 or 60:40. The “medium to high water” level range covers the range from either 20:80, 21:79, 25:75, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 56:44 or 60:40 to a maximum of one of the upper limits indicated above. A typical low/medium water level range is 2:98 to 50:50, and a typical medium/high water level range is from 50:50 to 80:20. A typical low water level range is from 5:95 to 35:65. A typical medium level water range is 35:65 to 55:45. A typical high water level range is 55:45 to 80:20. The new higher-water content diesel fuel of the present invention may contain the above relative amounts of water and methanol, provided that the fuel contains the features of the fuel described previously (such as the minimum 20% water content).

Considered in terms of the percentage of water in the entire (main) fuel composition by weight, the relative amount of water in the main fuel composition may be a minimum of at least 0.2%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, or at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 22% by weight, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65% or at least 70% water by weight of the fuel composition. As the weight of water in the main fuel composition increases it is increasingly more surprising that fumigation of the inlet air with a fumigant overcomes the penalty of water in the fuel in terms of igniting, with smooth operation in terms of COV of IMEP and producing net power out. The maximum amount of water in the fuel composition may be 68%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 40%, 35%, 32%, 30%, 25%, 23%, 20%, 15% or 10% by weight. Any of the minimum levels may be combined with a maximum level without limitation, save for the requirement that the minimum level be below the maximum water level.

Based on the test results reported in the Examples, for a desirable brake thermal efficiency (BTE), the amount of water in the fuel composition in some embodiments is between 0.2% and 32% by weight. The optimal zone for a peak in brake thermal efficiency for a methanol-water compression ignition engine fuel is between 12% and 23% water in the main fuel composition, by weight. The range may be incrementally narrowed from the broader to the narrower of these two ranges. In some embodiments, this is combined with an amount of ignition enhancer in the fuel composition that is not more than 15% by weight of the main fuel composition. Details of ignition enhancers are set out below.

Based on other test results reported in the Examples, for a maximum reduction in NOx emissions, the amount of water in the fuel composition in some embodiments is between 22% and 68% by weight. The optimal zone for a maximum reduction in NOx emissions is between 30% and 60% water by weight of the main fuel composition. The range may be incrementally narrowed from the broader to the narrower of these two ranges. Since NO is the main NOx emission component, reference may be made to NO emissions as being the greater proportion of, or indicative of, the overall extent of NOx emissions.

In some embodiments, for a desirable balance of fuel properties and emissions, the fuel composition comprises between 5% and 40% water by weight of the main fuel composition, such as between 5% and 25% water, between 5% and 22% water. These levels are based on the combination of test results reported in the Examples.

In general fuels for use in the process described herein, the amount of methanol in the total fuel composition is preferably at least 20% by weight of the fuel composition. According to some embodiments (such as the new high water content methanol-water diesel fuel composition embodiment), the amount of methanol in the fuel composition is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% of the fuel composition. In general fuels for use in the process described herein, the amount of water in the total fuel composition may be at least 0.2%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65% and at least 70%. For the new high water content methanol-water diesel fuel composition embodiment, the water level is at least 20% by weight of the fuel composition. Ignition of such fuel at higher water levels can be achieved through increased temperature of the air entering the engine. Further enhancement of the ignition properties can be obtained through the use of a fumigant which can ignite ahead of the injection of fuel, thereby creating favourable higher temperature conditions after fuel is injected, for ignition to take place. As the weight of water in the fuel composition increases it is increasingly more surprising that the ignition enhancement techniques outlined above overcome the penalty of water in the fuel.

The combined amount of methanol and water in the total fuel composition may be at least 75%, such as at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% by weight of the fuel composition. The fuel composition may comprise one or more additives, in a combined amount of up to 25%, or up to 20% or up to 15% or up to 10% by weight of the fuel composition. In some embodiments, the total or combined level of additives is not more than 5% of the fuel composition. In some embodiments, such as the new high water content diesel fuel composition, the additive constitutes at least 0.1% by weight of the fuel. In the new high water content diesel fuel composition, if sodium chloride is present, the level of this additive is present at a level of not more than 0.5% by weight of the fuel, and if a flavourant is present, the level of flavourant is not more than 1.5% of the composition.

The methanol for use in the production of the fuel composition may come from any source. As one example, the methanol may be a manufactured or waste methanol, or a coarse or semi-refined methanol, or an unrefined methanol. The coarse or waste or semi-refined methanol could typically contain mainly methanol, with the balance being water and amounts of higher alcohols, aldehydes, ketones or other carbon hydrogen and oxygen molecules arising during the normal course of methanol manufacture. Waste methanol may or may not be suitable depending on the degrees and types of contamination. The references in the above sections to ratios of methanol and water, or amounts of methanol in the fuel composition by weight, refer to the amount of methanol itself in the methanol source. Thus, where the methanol source is a crude methanol containing 90% methanol and other components, and the amount of this crude methanol in the fuel composition is 50%, then the actual amount of methanol is considered to be 45% methanol. The water component in the methanol source is taken into account when determining the amount of water in the fuel composition, and the other impurities are treated as additives when assessing the relative amounts of the components in the products, unless otherwise specified. The higher alcohols, aldehydes and ketones which may be present in the crude methanol may function as soluble fuel extender additives.

According to some embodiments, the fuel comprises a crude methanol. The term “crude methanol” encompasses low purity methanol sources, such as methanol sources containing methanol, water and may be up to 35% non-water impurities. The methanol content of crude methanol may be 95% or less. The crude methanol may be used directly in the fuel without further refining. Typical non-water impurities include higher alcohols, aldehydes, ketones. The term “crude methanol” includes waste methanol, coarse methanol and semi-refined methanol. It is a particular advantage of this embodiment that crude methanol containing impurities at higher levels can be used directly in the fuel for a CI engine without expensive refining. In this case, the additive levels (ie crude methanol impurities and other fuel composition additives excluding water) may be up to 60% of the fuel composition (including impurities in the crude methanol). For fuel compositions using a high purity methanol (such as 98% wt or higher % pure methanol) as the source, the total additive level may be lower, such as not more than 25%, not more than 20%, not more than 15% or not more than 10%.

Any water of a suitable quality can be used as the source of water for the production of the fuel composition. The source of water may be water included as part of un-distilled coarse methanol, or recycled water, or a crude or contaminated water (for example, sea water containing salts) purified by reverse osmosis, purified by activated substances such as activated carbon, or further chemical treatment, deionisation, distillation or evaporative techniques. The water may come from a combination of these sources. As one example, the source of water may be water recovered from the water-rich exhaust of the combustion ignition engine. This water may be recovered via heat exchangers and spray chambers or other similar operations. This recovery and reuse technique enables cleanup of exhaust emissions. The water in this case is recycled back to the engine with or without any captured unburnt fuel. Hydrocarbons or particulates or other combustion products being returned to the engine and recycled to extinction via looping combustion steps, or treated by known means of purification. The water may in some embodiments be salt water, such as sea water, which has been purified to remove the salt therefrom. This embodiment is suited to marine applications, such as in marine CI engines, or for the operation of CI engines in remote island locations.

The water quality will impact corrosion through the supply chain up to the point of injection into the engine and engine deposition characteristics, and suitable treatment of fuel with anti-corrosion additives or other methods may in these circumstances be required.

The amount of additives included in the fuel may take account of any downstream dilution effects caused by addition of water (for example) to the fuel.

Additives which may be present in the fuel composition may be selected from one or more of the following categories, but not exclusively so:

-   1. Ignition improver additives. These may also be referred to as     ignition enhancers. An ignition improver is a component that     promotes the onset of combustion. Molecules of this type are     inherently unstable, and this instability leads to “self start”     reaction leading to combustion of the other fuel components (eg.     methanol). The ignition improver may be selected from materials     known in the art to have ignition enhancing properties, such as,     ethers (including C1-C6 ethers such as dimethyl ether), alkyl     nitrates, alkyl peroxides, volatile hydrocarbons, oxygenated     hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.     -   In addition to the typical ignition enhancers, finely dispersed         carbohydrate particles present in the combustion zone following         evaporation of the liquid fuel components prior to ignition may         or may not have a role as combustion initiators, however such         species present may contribute to more complete and rapid         combustion of the total air/fuel mixture.     -   While additional ignition improvers can be incorporated into the         fuel, the techniques described herein facilitate ignition         throughout the engine operating range without such additions.         Thus according to some embodiments the fuel is free of ignition         improver additives. In other embodiments, the fuel is free of         DME (although it may contain other ignition improvers). In the         case of dimethyl ether as an ignition improver, according to         some embodiments less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%,         less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 1%, or no dimethyl ether         is present in the fuel composition. In some embodiments, the         amount of ether (of any type, such as dimethyl or diethyl ether)         in the main fuel composition is less than 20%, less than 15%,         less than 10%, less than 5%.     -   In some embodiments, at least 80% of the ignition enhancer         present in the fuel composition is provided by one or at most         two specific chemicals, examples being dimethyl ether and         diethyl ether. In one embodiment, an ignition enhancer of a         single chemical identity is present in the main fuel         composition. In one embodiment, at least 80% of the ignition         enhancer in the fuel composition is constituted by an ignition         enhancer of a single chemical identity. In each case, the single         ignition enhancer that constitutes the ignition enhancer, or         the >80% ignition enhancer component may be dimethyl ether. In         other embodiments, the ignition enhancer comprises a mixture of         three or more ignition enhancers.     -   The amount of ignition enhancer in the fuel composition in some         embodiments is not more than 20%, such as not more than 10% or         not more than 5% of the fuel composition. -   2. Fuel Extender. A fuel extender is a material that provides heat     energy to drive the engine. Materials used as fuel extenders may     have this purpose as the main purpose for its inclusion in the fuel     composition, or an additive material may provide this function and     another function.

Examples of such Fuel Extenders are:

-   -   a) Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates include sugars and starch. The         carbohydrate may be included for fuel extender purposes,         although it may also function as an ignition improver, and/or a         combustion improver. The carbohydrate is preferably         water/methanol soluble, with higher water levels accommodating         greater dissolution of sugar in the fuel. An enriched water         (single phase) fuel composition enables dissolution of the         carbohydrate, such as sugar, however as the liquid solvent         (water/methanol) in the fuel composition evaporates in the         engine, the carbohydrate solute can form micro-fine high surface         area suspended particles of low LEL (lower explosive limit)         composition which will decompose/react under engine conditions,         improving the ignitability of the fuel mixture. To achieve         improvement in combustibility of the mixture, an amount of at         least 1%, preferably at least 1.5% and more preferably at least         5% of this carbohydrate additive is preferred. An upper level of         not more than 20% of the fuel composition is preferred.     -   b) Soluble Fuel Extender additives. Fuel extender additives are         combustible materials. These additives may be added as separate         components or may be part of an undistilled methanol used to         produce the fuel composition. Such additives include C2-C8         alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, fatty acid esters and         mixtures thereof. Fatty acid esters such as fatty acid methyl         esters may have a biofuel origin. These may be sourced through         any biofuel sources or processes. Typical processes for their         production involve transesterification of plant-derived oils,         such as rapeseed, palm or soybean oil, amongst others.     -   There may be opportunity to economically increase the level of         fuel extender in the fuel composition itself for particular         markets where such additive can be produced or grown and         consumed locally, reducing the need for importation of base fuel         and/or additives. Under such conditions an amount, or treat         rate, of up to 30%, or up to 40%, or up to 50% of the fuel         composition is preferred, though concentrations of up to 60%         total additives including such fuel extender additives can be         considered particularly where the methanol source is crude         methanol.

-   3. Combustion enhancers. These may also be referred to as combustion     improvers. An example of a combustion enhancer is a nitrated     ammonium compound, for example ammonium nitrate. At 200° C. ammonium     nitrate breaks down to nitrous oxide according to the following     reaction:

NH₄NO₃═N₂O+2H₂O

The nitrous oxide formed reacts with fuel in the presence of water in a similar way to oxygen, eg

CH₃OH+H₂O=3H₂+CO₂

H₂+N₂O═H₂O+N₂

CH₃OH+3N₂O=3N₂+CO₂+2H₂O

Other nitrated ammonium compounds that can be used include ethylammonium nitrate and triethylammonium nitrate as examples, though these nitrates may also be regarded as ignition enhancers (cetane) rather than combustion enhancers as their main function in the fuel is ignition enhancement.

Other combustion improvers can include metallic or ionic species, the latter forming by dissociation under pre or post combustion environments.

-   4. Oxygen absorbing oil. The oxygen absorbing oil is preferably one     that is soluble in water methanol mixtures. Oxygen absorbing oils     have low auto-ignition point and also have the ability to directly     absorb oxygen prior to combustion, in amounts of, for example, 30%     by weight of the oil. This rapid condensation of oxygen from a hot     gaseous phase into the oil/solid phase after evaporation of the     surrounding water will more rapidly heat the oil particle causing     ignition of the surrounding evaporated and superheated methanol. An     oil ideally suited to this role is linseed oil, in a concentration     of about 1-5% in the fuel mixture. If this additive is utilised in     the fuel composition, the fuel mixture should be stored under an     inert gas blanket to minimise decomposition of the oil by oxygen.     Linseed oil is a fatty acid-containing oil. Other fatty     acid-containing oils can be used instead of or in addition to     linseed oil. Preferred oils are those that dissolve in the methanol     phase or are miscible in methanol, to produce a homogeneous, single     phase composition. However, in some embodiments oils that are not     water/methanol miscible may be used, particularly if an     emulsification additive is also present in the fuel composition. -   5. Lubricity additives. Examples of lubricity additives include     diethanolamine derivatives, fluorosurfactants, and fatty acid     esters, such as biofuels which are soluble to some extent in     water/methanol mixtures, on which the fuel composition is based. -   6. Product colouration additives. Coloration additives assist to     ensure that the fuel composition could not be mistaken for a liquid     beverage such as water. Any water soluble colourant may be used,     such as a yellow, red, blue colourant or a combination of these     colourants. The colourant may be a standard accepted industry liquid     colourants. -   7. Flame colour additives. Non-limiting examples include carbonates     or acetates of sodium, lithium, calcium or strontium. The flame     colour additives may be selected to achieve the preferred product     colour and stability in the final product pH. Engine deposition     considerations, if any, may be taken into account in selecting the     additive to be used. -   8. Anti Corrosion additives. Non-limiting examples of anti-corrosion     additives include amines and ammonium derivatives. -   9. Biocides. While biocides could be added, these are generally not     required because the high alcohol (methanol) content in the fuel     prevents biological growth or biological contamination. Thus     according to some embodiments the fuel is free of biocide. -   10. Freeze Point depressant. While freeze point depressants can be     incorporated into the fuel, the methanol (and optional additives     such as sugar, added for other purposes) depresses the freezing     point of water. Thus according to some embodiments the fuel is free     of an additional dedicated freeze point depressant. -   11. Deposit reductant. Non-limiting examples include polyolether and     triethanolamine. -   12. Denaturant if required -   13. pH controlling agent. An agent that raises or lowers the pH to a     suitable pH can be used, which is compatible with the fuel.

The additives, and particularly those identified under items 1 and 2 above may be added to the fuel either as standard industry traded product (i.e. in a refined form) or as semi processed aqueous solution (i.e. in a non-refined form, semi-refined form, or a crude form). The latter option potentially reduces the cost of the additive. A condition of the use of such crude additive sources is that the impurities in the crude forms of such additives, such as crude sugar solution, or sugar syrup, as one example, do not adversely affect the fuel injectors or engine performance.

According to some embodiments, the fuel comprises at least one additive. According to some embodiments, the fuel comprises at least two different additives.

The fuel of some embodiments may comprise from 20% to 80% water, and not more than 20% dimethyl ether, by weight of the fuel composition. The dimethyl ether content of some embodiments may be 15% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less.

Ethers are noted above as being examples of ignition improvers and soluble fuel extender additives. Irrespective of the intended function, in some embodiments, the ether may be present in total at a level of less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, or less than 1% of the fuel composition. The amount may be greater than 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12%. The lower and upper limits can be combined without limitation, provided the lower limit is below the upper limit selected.

In some embodiments, the fuel composition comprises an ether in an amount of between 0.2% and 10% by weight of the main fuel composition. The ether is preferably a single ether or a combination of two ethers.

Through utilization of an ether as either an ignition improver and/or soluble fuel extender, in a methanol-based fuel, a complete process for the production, transport and utilization of a fuel composition has been developed. The methanol-based fuel may be a water-free fuel or a methanol-water fuel in this instance. This is described in further detail below.

The additives in the fuel of some embodiments may comprise:

-   -   a product colouration additive at up to 1% by weight, and     -   a flame colour additive, at up to 1% by weight of the fuel.

Engine Operation Details for Inlet Air Preheating Embodiments

FIG. 1 illustrates a flow chart outlining the process of using a fuel 11 of methanol/water mix in a CI engine 10. The process includes pre-heating an intake air stream 12 and then introducing the pre-heated air into the combustion chamber of the engine 10 before introducing the fuel 11 into the combustion chamber and igniting the fuel/pre-heated air mixture by compression ignition in order to drive the engine.

The intake air 12, which can be pre-heated by a variety of techniques, is injected into the combustion chamber before or during the initial stage of the compression stroke of the engine so as to compress the air before the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber. Compression of the air raises the temperature in the combustion chamber to provide favourable ignition conditions for the fuel when it is sprayed into the chamber during the last stage of compression.

Pre-heating the intake air 12 provides a higher temperature base at the start of the compression stroke, resulting in the temperature at the point of fuel injection being higher than if the air was not pre-heated and therefore more combustible. The level of pre-heating required depends on the required temperature in the combustion chamber at the point of fuel injection that is required to ignite a water/methanol fuel mixture. This, in turn, depends on the relative proportions of water to methanol in the fuel.

Examples of levels of pre-heated air temperatures are shown in the Examples that follow, but generally it has been found that for fuels with a low to medium water level, suitable pre-heat intake air temperatures are at least 50° C., or at least 100° C., such as about 100° C.-150° C., for example about 130° C. For fuels with a medium to high water level pre-heat temperatures are in the range of at least about 150° C., such as 150° C.-300° C. or higher.

Pre-heating of the intake air offsets the poor cetane characteristic of methanol/water fuel, particularly those having a medium to high water level. Pre-heating can be achieved by various means.

In the embodiment shown by FIG. 1, intake air 12 is pre-heated by capturing the hot exhaust material 22, which comprises combusted gases and unburnt fuel and other particulates, and passing the exhaust material through a heat exchanger 20 that heats an air stream 15 entering the heat exchanger and cools the exhaust material 22. A fan inline with the intake air 12 could be provided to optimise the pressure profile of intake air through the engine cycle.

Techniques for pre-heating include any one or a combination of the following heat methods:

-   1. Waste heat Pre-heater—by use of a heat exchanger as discussed     above in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 1. -   2. Fumigating air intake—fumigating the air intake stream with an     ignition enhancer to encourage temperature increase in the     combustion chamber—described in more detail below. -   3. Supercharger/blower—or other air compressing means driven by the     engine to force induction of intake air into the combustion chamber,     and heating intake air through increase in air pressure. -   4. Turbocharger—or other air compressing mechanism driven by engine     exhaust or other waste heat to force induction of intake air into     combustion chamber, and heating intake air through increase in air     pressure. -   5. Direct Heating—using direct methods to heat the air, such as     electrically heating via elements or combustion of fuel to generate     the required temperature increase. Such methods may be useful during     startup and at low engine loads. -   6. Glowplugs (or hot bulbs)—directing heat into the engine     cylinders, this category including external heaters inline with the     intake air to directly heat the intake air.

Passing waste heat from the engine exhaust through a heat exchanger (option 1 above, without a fan) will result in a lower power output from the engine due to a lower mass flow of air (compared to options 3 to 4 where the mass flow of air is not reduced). However this loss of maximum power may be offset in part by a higher efficiency in combustion in the hotter conditions at the point of fuel injection and a lower requirement of excess air compared to petroleum based diesel fuels. A compensating pressure fan driven by the exhaust, or otherwise, can offset the reduced mass flow of air under conditions of increased air temperature.

Alternatively, a turbocharger or supercharger could be used alone or in combination with an engine exhaust heat exchanger to derive a high combustion efficiency as well as more power.

In another embodiment heating of the fuel according to known techniques can assist the ignition process.

The preheat option in combination with a medium to high water/low methanol fuel alters the engine cycle from being a “constant” volume cycle during the ignition and combustion and initial expansion phase, to directionally more of a constant temperature expansion (where the heat from the methanol is in significant part evaporating water) in a timeframe most suitable to maximise engine performance.

The process illustrated in FIG. 1 includes an exhaust treatment and recycling component for collecting and integrating exhaust material back into the fuel. In particular the treatment includes the recovery and integration of water, unburnt fuel, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and other small amounts of emissions.

In fuels having a medium to high water level, but not excluding lower water levels, the water rich exhaust can be a source of fuel water and the small levels of exhaust pollutants can be captured and returned to the engine. Water recovery from exhaust material involves cooling and condensing the exhaust material and collecting the condensed water.

FIG. 1 shows that after exhaust material 22 is cooled through heat exchange with intake air 12 in the heat exchanger 20, the cooled exhaust is then passed through a condenser 25 through which water can be collected and returned as recycled fuel 32 to the engine 10.

A second heat exchanger 34 in the final phase of the treatment process assists condensation and additionally includes a spray chamber arrangement using water which may have been purified and may contain additives to capture and purify any unburnt methanol or other hydrocarbons in the fuel, soot and other particulates. These particulates are returned to the engine for elimination via a ‘recycle to extinction’ process with recycled fuel 32, while the purified clean exhaust 33 can be released to atmosphere containing close to no pollutants. The water used in the spray chamber may be from a range of alternative sources, and may be purified or deionised. The water may contain optional additives. The optional additives should be consistent with the combustion process.

The heat exchanger 354 may be a salt water/water heat exchanger as shown in FIG. 1 which draws in salt water through an inlet 36 and expels the salt water through an outlet 37. Such a heat exchanger is suitable for use in the treatment of exhaust on, for example, ships where the availability of salt water in the sea is abundant and easily obtainable.

Additional exhaust treatment steps utilising condensate or other means can be also be taken to reduce targeted pollutants to low levels in the exhaust gas to atmosphere. In another embodiment components such as any unburnt fuel can be adsorbed onto an active surface and later desorbed using standard techniques, and included as fuel or fumigant component to further reduce pollution. Alternatively a catalyst can be employed to catalytically react any oxidisable species such as unburnt fuel, increasing the exhaust temperature and providing an additional source of heat which may be utilized.

Additionally, if multiple engines are operating, for example to produce electricity, the aggregated exhaust gas can treated as a single stream to be treated/condensed with the recycle fuel from the exhaust being directed to one or more of such engines.

A blowdown (38) may be required in the case of water recirculation back to the engine, to ensure that any persistent species which may be present do not accumulate. In that event water removed may be made up by additional condensation from the exhaust if available, or if not available by make-up water (39) of suitable quality. It is intended that through selection of appropriate feed streams and additives blowdown can be almost eliminated, however solids can also enter the system through e.g. dust in air which may require purging from time to time.

An advantage of using a fuel with a medium to high water level is that the resulting exhaust contains almost no impurities, which is ideal for post-combustion processing. The impurities that are present in the exhaust material can be treated and recycled to extinction.

For example, carbon dioxide as an exhaust product of the combustion of a water/methanol fuel is absorbed in the recycled water during the condensation and purification phases. Alternatively the carbon dioxide in the exhaust material can be recycled to the intake air of the engine thus optimising the oxygen level entering the engine, and generating a pure carbon dioxide and water vapour exhaust. The carbon dioxide generated in this manner is ideal for further processing, for example by conversion into methanol and recycling to the fuel.

The final exhaust gas 33 from the treatment and recycling process that is exhausted to atmosphere contains close to no fuel, hydrocarbon, particulate, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides emissions.

Any nitrogen oxides or sulphur oxides emissions formed in the combustion phase and/or the absorption of carbon dioxide in the water, may result in pH imbalances of water returning to mix with the fuel. To prevent build up of such components a chemical treatment may be added to the fuel to neutralise any imbalances or remove them.

Engine Operation Details for Fumigation Embodiments

In some embodiments described here, fumigation of the inlet air with a fumigant comprising an ignition enhancer is utilised. In some embodiments this is coupled with inlet air preheating, and in other embodiments, this is performed without inlet air preheating.

The option of fumigating the intake air with a fumigant comprising an ignition enhancer can be used according to some embodiments as an additional technique of pre-heating the engine air. Fumigation encourages a further increase in temperature of the air being compressed in the combustion chamber making it even more combustible at the point of fuel injection due to pre-combustion of fumigating material, and the presence of breakdown species which aids the onset of combustion of methanol.

Fumigation allows pre-combustion to occur in the engine combustion chamber prior to fuel injection. This two step ignition process, or ‘kindled’ operation, relies on the compression stroke of the engine piston to raise the temperature of the fumigated air to the point of ignition. In turn, this enhances the ignition conditions in the combustion chamber to provide a sufficiently hot environment for the methanol and water fuel, when injected towards the end of the compression stroke, to undergo accelerated ignition under increased temperature conditions, rapidly vaporizing the methanol and evaporating the water in the fuel and producing high thermal efficiency.

The temperature contribution by fumigant for stable engine operation at low water levels is 50 to 100° C. At the point of fuel injection for low water level fuels this contribution results in a combustion chamber temperature comparable to the temperature in known combustion ignition engines. As water levels increase in the fuel the amount of fumigant may be adjusted to offset the cooling effect of the water. The resultant thermal efficiencies are comparable to those of diesel fuels, with net efficiency outcomes being dependent on various factors such as the size of the engine and its configuration.

Efficient and complete combustion of the methanol and water fuel in this manner minimizes un-burnt or modified hydrocarbons and particulates in the exhaust emissions resulting in “cleaner” emissions. This is particularly evident in larger CI engines with slower speeds where the efficiency of the combustion process is maximized because sufficient time is allowed for the commencement and completion of the two steps in a kindled operation.

The term “fumigation” in relation to the intake air refers to the introduction of a material or mixture, in this case a fumigant comprising an ignition enhancer, into the intake air stream to form a vapour or gas through which the ignition enhancer is well distributed. In some embodiments the material is introduced in a small amount, generally through spraying a fine spray of the material into the intake air stream or injected as a gas.

The kindled operation has the effect of pre-heating the intake air during the compression stroke.

The nature of a water methanol mixture is that less sensible heat is generated in the reaction products after combustion, heat being required to evaporate the water present. This means that compared to a diesel engine operating on hydrocarbon fuels more severe engine conditions can be accommodated at the point of injection while keeping within the engine's design limitations. These more severe conditions arise through fumigant combustion or increased air temperature (through directly heating the air) and/or increased pressure and temperature through the use of modified engine configurations, such as turbocharging or supercharging.

The amount of ignition enhancer(s) may be controlled relative to the mix of methanol to water contained in the fuel in order to produce conditions within the combustion chamber where ignition of the fuel is achieved in a timely manner, and thereby deliver the best possible thermal efficiency from the engine. Where the ratio of ignition enhancer to fuel mix is not controlled combustion could initiate significantly before TDC, such as 25-30° before TDC, and as such the use of an ignition enhancer could have a neutral effect and make a minimal or no contribution to the thermal efficiency of the engine.

In a preferred operation of the engine the timing of the ignition of the fumigant/air mixture is to delay the combustion of this fuel as late as possible (to avoid unnecessarily working against the power stroke of the engine) and to be consistent with good combustion of the fuel after injection. This means that the fumigant, which may be referred to as a secondary fuel, should ignite before the fuel injection commences, but not so much before that the energy contained in the fumigant makes a minimal or nil contribution to the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Ignition of the fuel can be controlled by an ignition control to be as close as possible to the ideal timing by using one or a combination of the following ignition controls:

a) Engine inlet air temperature control:

-   -   a. Controlling the outlet temperature of an air preheater         utilising heat from:         -   i. An electrically powered heating device, useful for             startup and warmup of the engine.         -   ii. A heater utilising fuel which may be the engine fuel or             any suitable fuel for such purpose.         -   iii. Utilising waste heat from the exhaust to directly heat             the inlet air to the engine via heat exchange.         -   iv. Utilising any other heat source suitable for the             purpose.     -   b. Utilising engine exhaust energy to power a turbocharger which         may not have an intercooler which would reduce engine inlet air         temperature.     -   c. Heat the air with a supercharger to increase temperature and         pressure         b) Utilising a fumigant to create a two-step “kindled”         combustion of the fuel.     -   1. Controlling the amount of fumigant introduced into the air         intake relative to the fuel;     -   2. Controlling the percentages of ignition enhancer to other         components in the fumigant (recognizing that water and other         components such as methanol may also be present);     -   3. Controlling 1 and 2 above, depending on engine operating at         high loads (50% to 100%) or low loads (below 50%) across the rpm         operating range of the engine.

Although the relative amounts of fumigant to main fuel introduced into the engine (either through the air intake, or into the combustion chamber, respectively), will vary depending on the engine operation conditions that apply, it is generally desired for the amount of ignition enhancer in the fumigant during steady state operation at mid or high load to be a relatively low percentage by weight of the main fuel composition. For a fumigant comprising 100% ignition enhancer (such as DME), the relative amounts of fumigant to main fuel by weight is desirably up to 20% by weight, up to 18%, up to 15%, up to 13%, up to 10%, up to 8%, up to 7%, up to 6%, up to 5%. The fumigant level is preferably at least 0.2%, at least 0.5%, at least 1% or at least 2% by weight of the main fuel composition. These figures are based on weight, assuming the fumigant comprises 100% ignition enhancer, and can be adjusted proportionally for a reduced ignition enhancer content in the fumigant by weight. These may be measured by reference to the amount introduced into the engine in grams per second, or any other suitable corresponding measure for the engine size. An upper limit of around 10% or less (such as 8% or 7%) is additionally advantageous, as a pre-fuel composition containing up to the required amount of ether as ignition enhancer (such as 10%, 8% or 7% ignition enhancer, respectively) can be delivered to the compression ignition engine location, and the ignition enhancer flashed off and recovered in a quantity corresponding to the needs of the engine operating with fumigation at the same target level. In other embodiments, there can be top-up of the fumigant level to a higher level at the engine location (for example, through top-up from separate storage of ignition enhancer, such as ether).

In relation to paragraph 2 above, the target % of non-water components other than the ignition enhancer in the total fumigant/air flow may be not more than 40%, such as between 5-40% or 10-40%, or 20-40% or 30-40% with the balance being ignition enhancer, for example, DME (which has a cetane of 55-57). Adjustments may be made to these percentages based on the cetane number of other ignition enhancers and specific engine configuration. All percentages are by weight. Water may be present in any amount consistent with smooth operation of the engine, such water may arise from the fumigant for example if made catalytically from the fuel, or as part of the ambient air inlet flow to the engine.

A catalytic reactor may be provided in the process for powering the CI engine in which the catalytic dehydration of methanol (taken from a diverted portion of the fuel) to DME is effected. The DME produced is used as an ignition enhancer in fumigant for fumigating the intake air. Other embodiments described herein utilize other techniques for generating the dimethyl ether, when used as the ignition enhancer of the fumigant. In some such embodiments, the DME may be generated at the location of methanol generation, and delivered as a part of a pre-fuel composition to the engine site.

Some adjustment to the fuel and process described above may be required to optimise operation and efficiency in smaller CI engines operating at higher engine speeds, for example at 1000 to 3000 rpm, and above. In addition to pre-heating the air intake stream using any one or more of the techniques described above, the following operational aspects may be used separately or in combination for engines operating at higher speeds:

-   -   fumigating air intake with a fumigant comprising an ignition         enhancer.     -   heating the combustion chamber using, for example, glowplugs.     -   pre-heating fuel intake.     -   adding additives to the fuel and/or fumigant that improve         ignition and combustion of the fuels. Some of these additives         are discussed above.     -   selecting the appropriate water level in the fuel composition as         discussed above, such as a low to medium water level range.     -   Selecting the water level in fumigant to a suitable level         consistent with the engine configuration.

These options can additionally be utilized if desired when operating a larger CI engine at lower engine speeds, such as 1000 rpm or less.

Fumigant

The fumigant for use in embodiments relying on fumigation comprises an ignition enhancer. The fumigant may further comprise other components, such as one or more of methanol, water and any of the additives outlined above in the context of the fuel. For the following description of the use of fumigant, the fuel described previously may be referred to as “main fuel” for the compression ignition engine, and the fumigant may be referred to as “secondary fuel”.

An ignition enhancer is a material that enhances ignition of a combustible material. One of the challenges to the use of methanol as the core fuel component in the main fuel composition for a compression ignition engine is the fact that methanol does not ignite as readily as other fuels. An ignition enhancer is a material that has good ignition properties and can be used to create ignition, following which the methanol in the main fuel composition (and other combustible materials) will combust. The ignition characteristics of a potential fuel component are described by the cetane number (or alternatively cetane index) of that component. The cetane number is a measure of a materials ignition delay, being the time period between the start of injection and start of combustion, i.e. ignition, of the fuel. Suitable ignition enhancers may have a cetane of above 40 (such as DME which has a cetane of 55-57). The cetane number(s) of the ignition enhancer(s) present in the fumigant should be taken into account when determining the relative amounts of ignition enhancers to other components in the fumigant, and also the amount of fumigant compared to the main fuel composition, load and engine speed. The overall cetane of the fumigant will be based on a combination of the proportional contribution of, and the cetane property of each component, the relationship not necessarily being linear.

Some non limiting examples of ignition enhancers which can be included in the fumigant include:

-   -   ethers, such as the lower alkyl (being the C1-C6 ethers),         notably dimethyl ether and diethyl ether,     -   alkyl nitrates,     -   alkyl peroxides,         and mixtures thereof.

Dimethyl ether is a preferred high ignition characteristic ignition enhancer suitable for use in the fumigant. Diethyl ether is another example of a suitable ignition enhancer.

Methanol in the main fuel can be catalytically converted into dimethyl ether. The dimethyl ether may therefore be catalytically generated from a stream of the main fuel composition, which is then fumigated into the engine separately to the main fuel composition (with the inlet air). In the alternative, a fumigant composition comprising dimethyl ether may be provided by the fuel supplier to the engine owner as a ready-made fumigant composition. In another embodiment, a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and up to 15% by weight of an ether ignition enhancer (such as dimethyl ether), can be produced at one location and transported (for example, through a pipeline) to another location for use in fueling a compression ignition engine. In some embodiments, the pre-fuel composition may further comprise water. At the end of the pipeline, part or all of the ether ignition enhancer component in the pre-fuel can be separated from the other components of the pre-fuel composition (notably the methanol, but also other components having a higher boiling point than the ether). The separated ether component can then be fumigated into the compression ignition engine as a fumigant, separately to the remaining part of the pre-fuel composition, which is used as the main fuel composition, either direct (if it contains some water), or with further adjustment in composition (for example, to adjust the water content) before use. The amount of ether ignition enhancer in the pre-fuel may be up to 10% by weight, or up to 9% by weight. The upper limit will depend on the choice of ether and the temperature conditions. Further details are set out in the section below detailing CI engine power generation systems.

The ignition enhancer, such as dimethyl ether, suitably comprises a minimum of 5% of the fumigant or a minimum of 10% of the fumigant, such as a minimum 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88% or 90% of the fumigant. There is generally a preference for the ignition enhancer content of the fumigant to be at the upper end of the range, so in some embodiments the ignition enhancer content is above 70% or more. The ignition enhancer may comprise up to 100% of the fumigant, for example, in the case of introducing a pure component from storage or from recovered separated ignition enhancer sourced from a pre-fuel composition. When converted from the main fuel through catalytic reaction of the main fuel (which comprises components in addition to the methanol, from which the DME is formed) or if impure high ignition characteristic component is produced or drawn from storage, the upper limit for such component will be reduced accordingly.

The relative amounts of each component in the fumigant may be kept constant, or may be varied over the time period of operation of the engine. Factors that impact on the relative amounts of components in the fumigant include engine speed (rpm), level and variability of load, engine configuration, and the specific properties of the individual components of the fumigant. In other embodiments, the fumigant composition may be kept relatively constant, and instead the relative amount of fumigant (grams per second fumigated into the engine) compared to the main fuel composition injected into the engine (grams per second) is adjusted during the different stages of operation of the engine.

When it is desired to operate the CI engine with different fumigant compositions for different engine operation conditions (speed, load, configuration), the fumigant composition can be varied to suit by computer control of the fumigant composition, or by any other form of control. The adjustments may be sliding adjustments based on an algorithm that calculates the desired fumigant composition to match the prevailing engine operation conditions, or may be step-wise adjustments. For example, a higher overall cetane index fumigant (such as 100% DME) could be fumigated into the engine at a high weight % with respect to the fuel for operation in some conditions, and then the fumigant could be switched to a second composition containing a lower % of DME and some lower cetane index components. In another embodiment the composition may be stable and the air/fumigant ratio varied.

The target % of non-water components other than the ignition enhancer or enhancers and water in the fumigant is suitably not more than 40%, such as between 5-40% or 10-40% or 20-40% or 30-40%. Adjustments may be made to these percentages based on the cetane number of other ignition enhancers and combustible components, and specific engine configuration.

Additionally in some embodiments water may be present in the fumigant as product of a conversion reaction (eg methanol to DME) or as a carry through from a water containing reactor feed, or added as a separate stream or in combination with an additive.

Examples of components that may be present in the fumigant in addition to the ignition enhancer include methanol, water, the additives outlined above (in the context of the fuel composition), and alkane gases (typically straight-chained alkanes, including lower alkanes such as the C1-C6 alkanes, notably methane, ethane, propane or butane, and longer chain alkanes (C6 and above).

In some embodiments, the fumigant comprises at least 60% of a single component, one example being dimethyl ether. The amount of the single main component of the fumigant may be above 62%, 65%, 68%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 78% or 80%.

The fumigant, or secondary fuel, may be obtained directly from storage, or may be supplied as a fumigant to the engine in a pure form after processing the main fuel (though catalytic conversion of methanol to DME, followed by purification to yield a fumigant consisting of DME). Alternatively, the fumigant may comprise an ignition enhancer and other components (i.e. the fumigant is not in pure form) after processing the main fuel or from storage. In this case the impurities are still compatible with the desired outcome of fumigation i.e. the fumigant may also include water and methanol, or may contain other materials (such as C1-C8 alcohols) which are compatible with the application.

The main fuel composition and the fumigant may be supplied as a two-part fuel, or may be delivered as a “kit” of two fuel parts. In this context, the fumigant may be described as a “secondary fuel component” of the two-part fuel, and thus the description of the fumigant above also applies to the second fuel component. The main fuel composition and the secondary fuel component may be pumped into separate storage tanks associated with the compression ignition engine.

Thus, with a two-part fuel for use in operating a compression ignition engine, the fuel composition comprises:

-   -   a main fuel composition comprising methanol and water and     -   a secondary fuel component comprising an ignition enhancer

The main fuel in this context may be the new high-water content methanol-water diesel fuel, or otherwise.

In the use of this two-part fuel, the main fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber of the compression ignition engine, and the secondary fuel is fumigated into the air intake of the compression ignition engine.

A method for supplying fuel to a compression ignition engine comprises:

-   -   supplying a main fuel composition comprising methanol and water         to a first tank that is in fluid connection to a combustion         chamber of the compression ignition engine, and     -   supplying a secondary fuel component comprising an ignition         enhancer to a second tank that is in fluid connection to an air         intake of the compression ignition engine.

As described above, the secondary fuel may be prepared fully or partially in situ through catalytic conversion of a portion of the main fuel into the ignition enhancer. This is particularly suited to situations where dimethylether is the ignition enhancer.

In one embodiment the use of a two-part fuel in the operation of a combustion ignition engine is provided, wherein the two-part fuel comprises:

-   -   a main fuel composition comprising methanol and water, and     -   a secondary fuel component comprising an ignition enhancer.

The present invention further provides a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and up to 10% by weight of an ether. The ether may be dimethyl ether. As noted above, the ether component can be separated from the remainder of the pre-fuel composition for use as the secondary fuel component, and the balance of the pre-fuel composition can be used as the main fuel composition. This balance may be used direct as the entire main fuel composition, or the composition can be adjusted to yield the main fuel composition. In this embodiment, therefore, the pre-fuel might not contain water, and water can be added to generate the main fuel composition after removal of the ether. In some embodiments, water may not be required for use in the main fuel composition, when the fuel is used in one of the power generation systems described further below.

The present invention also provides a method of transporting a two-part fuel composition comprising methanol on the first part, and an ether on the second part, from one location to another location, comprising transporting a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and ether from one location to a second location, and separating the ether from the methanol to yield a first fuel part comprising methanol, and a second fuel part comprising ether. The transporting may be by way of piping through a pipeline. The first location may be a methanol production plant location, and the other location (the second location) is a location remote from the first location. The remote location would typically be at least 1 kilometer away, and perhaps many kilometers away. The remote location may be the location of a compression ignition engine for electricity generation, or a shipping port, or a train siding or any other suitable location where the two-part fuel is required.

CI Engine Power Generation Systems

Using the methanol/water mix fuels described herein and the related systems (also referred to as processes) for powering a compression ignition engine, power generation systems and structures can be developed to efficiently generate power at reduced emission levels, and which can also treat the engine exhaust to capture and then re-use or re-direct heat and water from exhaust gases. The re-use, or recycling, of heat and water promotes increased system efficiencies and overall reduced waste products and emissions. The re-direction of heat and water can find use in a range of unrelated applications involving heating and cooling localities/quarters and the regeneration of water for use by communities or as part of other systems.

FIGS. 3A to 6B illustrate examples of power generation systems incorporating the processes and fuels described herein for powering a compression ignition engine. It is understood that the fuel represented in these processes is a methanol based fuel that may contain various amounts of water, and may contain water in the amount of 0% to 80%.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a process for producing and supplying a methanol fuel to an IC engine 111 (also referred to as a diesel engine) to produce output power but to also include an engine exhaust treatment that reduces emissions, that harnesses engine exhaust to recycle water and that also incorporates a Hot Water Loop (HWL) 113 a, 113 b (see FIGS. 4A and 4B) to provide heat to a local community. Output power produced by the engine can also be used to service the locality in which the power generating plant is located, and for example can be used to generate electricity for a community. FIGS. 3A and 3B differ in that FIG. 3A shows the process utilizing air fumigation into the engine, while the process shown in FIG. 3B omits the step of fumigating inlet air.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a fuel manufacturing plant 101 and the remote supply of that fuel through a supply grid 103. The fuel manufacturing plant may be a conventional methanol manufacturing plant using electricity generated from steam produced from conventional boilers in large remote coal plant 102. Such a plant produces a coal fired emissions profile. Alternatively, the electricity generating plant 102 could incorporate a combustion engine using a methanol fuel as described herein to generate the electricity required to produce the methanol fuel. This would provide a cleaner alternative with lower emissions to those produced by a coal plant.

Methanol based fuel is manufactured in plant 101 and may largely contain methanol, a methanol-water mix or a methanol-ether mix or a methanol-water-ether mix. In one embodiment the fuel comprises a “Whole Fuel” Methanol and DME mixture in a 90-99.5% blend of methanol and DME as a non-boiling liquid at atmospheric pressure which may be used directly with the engine 111. In the mix of methanol and DME, the DME is provided in a stable quantity suitable for transmission as a liquid and to avoid transition of the ether into the gas phase. The quantity will depend on the pressure and temperature at which the fuel is transmitted in the pipelines 103, but will generally be less than 10% of the total fuel amount, and in the range of 7%-8%.

Alternatively fuel having a higher DME proportion under pressurised conditions may be supplied. In another alternative, a fuel containing a high methanol content approaching 100% methanol (eg. chemical grade) could be transmitted for subsequent part conversion to DME near the demand centre (namely the power generation plant). This form of pre-fuel composition comprising a high % of methanol may contain a water component of around 0.2% or more. In a further alternative, the fuel or pre-fuel transmitted in the pipelines may be a methanol-water fuel. The water in the methanol-water fuel can either be associated with the methanol, such as in crude methanol, or may be sourced from a surplus of water in the manufacturing area that may be cost effectively used for this purpose. Some additive addition of lubricity and corrosion improver may be included in the transmitted fuel depending on the materials of construction in the transmission grid and to enhance engine/process operation.

Transmission of large amounts of energy in flammable liquids over long distances in pipelines in regional grids is established technology. Such infrastructure as pipelines 103 can be also used to deliver the methanol fuel to distant locations safely and cost effectively.

After being transmitted through pipelines 103 the fuel arrives at a power generating plant including the compression ignition engine 111, a pre-processing stage 104 and exhaust treatment 113, 115, 116 118. The fuel may be used in the engine 111 immediately as is, or optional pre-treatment of the fuel may be carried out to ensure safe and reliable operation through the plant operating range. Storage of a start-up and shutdown fuel can also be contemplated for system integrity reasons, for example, an ether component could be stored.

At the pre-processing stage 104 the fuel may be split by flashing into two rich phases, one a methanol rich 107 and one an ether rich part 105, such as DME. DME is particularly suited to this flashing process due to its low boiling point. Low level waste heat from engine exhaust from a hot water stream having a temperature of 50° C.-60° C. can be used to flash separate low boiling point DME from methanol. In some embodiments the methanol rich phase may include low amounts of DME, with most DME being flashed off. In other embodiments a high proportion of DME may be retained in the liquid phase with only sufficient DME to ensure good and complete combustion being vaporised and utilised as fumigant 105. For example if the fuel from the manufacturing plant includes 7% DME, 5% of this may be retained in the liquid phase with 2% being used as fumigant 105 for adding to heated combustion air 110 entering engine 111.

Pre-processing may include a conversion option to supplement the supply of DME or other fumigant. Alternatively, the required quantity of ignition improving agent, such as DME, may be obtained from storage. Other such agents are also possible such as DEE and other ignition improvers described herein.

The pre-processing stage may also include processing part of the transmitted fuel to not only separate DME to be used as a fumigant but also to produce excess DME for use as liquid fuel ingredient for other processes. For example, surplus DME could benefit a nearby community by providing surplus heat to the HWL. Alternatively or additionally, the DME could be integrated with generator plant processes. Methanol fuel, whether before or after processing, could also be removed from the power generating system and used for local chemical manufacture

Transmission to the generating plant of crude methanol is also possible, saving capex and opex costs in an upstream manufacturing plant. Such a fuel feed to the power generating plant would suit the option above of splitting out part of the crude methanol for DME production, with the remaining fuel being directed into the engine. In terms of energy and capex, this option would replace a distillation unit at the manufacturing plant 101 with most product being distilled and going “over the top” by a much smaller unit at the power generating plant with a relatively low amount going “over the top”. This option would also make available local DME near demand centres, and namely near the power generating plant.

The pre-treatment of fuel at the pre-processing stage 104 can also heat the methanol fuel 107 prior to entry into the engine using hot water, derived from the venturi scrubber 115 return line. Water exiting the pre-processing stage 104 exits as irrigation-quality water 106. Cooled irrigation-quality water 106 may mix with condensate from condenser 116, and if necessary a cooler could be used to ensure acceptable effluent temperature.

In the example shown for power generation with a HWL, the diesel engine would be used generating power from 1 MW and above. This does not exclude power below 1 MW which could serve smaller users and have a low NOX, SOX and particulate outcome. A diesel engine is particularly suited to post combustion treatment because it provides the driving force of air pressure needed to move exhaust through cleanup and heat exchange equipment at only a small cost on engine efficiency.

The nature of some of the fuel mixtures described herein means that large diameter pistons are preferred over smaller pistons due to inherent thermal benefits at engine size being increased. Larger pistons also reduce the risk of impact of injected fuel on the piston walls, ensuring the fuel combusts properly and does not interfere with the lubricant film.

While the experiments mentioned further below demonstrate fuel tested in an engine running above 1000 rpm, as previously suggested the fuel can be successfully used in slower speed engines, normally operating at just below 100 rpm up to 1000 rpm, which is the range normally described as being the low to medium speed range. This speed range allows more time for volatile ignition improvers to get into the vapour space as vapour and commence their chemical reactions with the hot compressed air during the compression stroke. This greater time allowance during the combustion phase will allow more complete combustion of fuel and reduce the level of unburnt fuel and other components in the engine-out exhaust. The greater time allowance will also allow for more time to completely combust the fuel in the cylinder through the contact of water and oxygen molecules, allowing lower lambda to be used and in so doing increasing the concentration of water in the engine out exhaust.

Power is generated at engine 111 by a mixture of methanol 107 and water 108 entering engine 111 together with air 100, which can be pre-heated and in the example shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B is pre-heated by engine exhaust gases through a condenser 116. A suitable pre-heated temperature could be between 40° C. and 50° C. Water in the fuel may be sourced from a water storage or from water recycled from exhaust gas through condenser 116 (explained in more detail below).

Treatment of exhaust gas includes passing engine exhaust through a catalytic converter 112 using catalysts targeting CO2 and oxygenated compounds. This will cause marginal heating of the exhaust gas where that heat may be available for the HWL, or for other processes described further below in relation to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B. The catalytic converter 112 also reduces any fuel or combustion products to an appropriate level. A final stage activated carbon or similar can optionally be employed to clean up. Additionally, the methanol fuel described herein burns clean with low soot, which improves catalyst performance.

The HWL carries heat to a local-based destination such as a residential community through a loop of pumped water. FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the HWL supply line 113 a and return line 113 b at the HWL heat exchanger 113. Harnessing heat by-product from the power generation process can be used to provide low cost heating to residential and commercial quarters. The water pumped through the HWL is heated through a HWL heat exchanger 113 downstream from the catalytic converter 112. The heat exchanger 113 is a standard unit operating at temperatures on return of the HWL of 40° C. with a design dispatch temperature of 80° C. to the HWL. The relatively cool HWL return temperature and efficient exchanger design in terms of required surface area will ensure sufficient cool down of the exhaust.

Exhaust treatment additives are added at caustic injector 114, which injects any caustic chemicals, and other suitable acid neutralising agents, into the exhaust gas for a desired outcome. For example, to eliminate acidic compounds from the final exhaust a low dose of a basic liquid (eg 50% caustic soda and water) will be injected into the exhaust stream, used to nullify trace acids and control the pH of the irrigation water flowing from the plant. Final pH will be controlled to a level that best meets local conditions.

A venturi scrubber 115, or other suitable mixing device, is illustrated downstream of the HWL exchanger 113. This unit has several functions, the first being to intimately mix the exhaust gases with a circulating water flow, the effect of the water flow being to cool down the exhaust from 85-90° C. out of the HWL exchanger to approximately 55-60° C. out of the venturi scrubber. Such cool down will create condensed water from the exhaust gas and collect particulates that can be treated using known methods, or ultimately form part of the final irrigation water leaving the plant for return to the ground. The de-acidified and clean exhaust leaving the scrubber 115 produces a higher purity exhaust out of the final condenser.

Water is pumped between the venturi scrubber 115 and a fin fan heat exchanger 100. The fin fan heat exchanger, or other suitable equipment, is another gas/liquid exchange that takes the heat from exhaust gas through the venturi scrubber and rejects that heat to air, which is driven to flow through the heat exchanger 100 by one or more fans. One advantage of heat rejection in this manner is that the heat is rejected at low temperature, and therefore does not have a large impact on the overall efficiency of the process.

Alternative to expelling heat to atmosphere, heated air from the fin fan exhaust may be used directly into the engine as heated combustion air 110, in which case some pressure may be applied from the fan to offset the heating effect on mass flow of air. Another alternative to expelling heat to atmosphere is to dissipate heat through a cooling pond or other water system capable of dissipating a large amount of heat in a responsible and environmentally acceptable way.

FIG. 4A illustrates a final large exhaust gas/combustion air exchanger, namely condenser 116 that recovers water in high water recovery systems. In systems where high water recovery is not necessary, condenser 116 is not included. FIG. 4B illustrates a medium water recovery system similar to that of FIG. 4A but with the omission of condenser 116.

The final (optional) condenser 116 cools the exhaust from the venturi scrubber 115 down from approximately 50-60° C. to within about 5-20° C. of ambient temperature. In lowering the temperature by this amount the water produced recovered from the plant is significantly increased. In addition to producing water for irrigation, or re-use outside the power generation plant, the condensate from the condenser 116 may optionally be useful within the power generation process.

Condensate may be injected in with the pre-processed fuel to reduce NOX formation and associated acidity issues in the downstream equipment, such as in the HWL exchanger. The condensate may also form a source of water to be used in the combustion of particular fuel blends as an alternative or in addition to stored water. Furthermore, the higher grade water from the condenser may be further treated into potable water, or may be added to the irrigation quality water produced by the venturi scrubber and to re-circulate between the venturi scrubber 115 and fin fan heat exchanger 100.

The heat from cooling the exhaust is not wasted, but can be exchanged with inlet air into the engine 111. Aside from the benefit that recycling waste heat and water makes to the fuel required and emissions produced in the process, recovery of water and heat tends to also stabilise engine operation. Colder inlet air to the engine allows more heat to be recovered.

FIG. 3B differs from FIG. 3A in that it illustrates the process for producing and supplying a methanol fuel to engine 111 without fumigating intake air with an ignition improver. Methanol fuel from the manufacturing plant 101 is transported through the pipeline infrastructure 103 for direct use with the engine 111, where the intake air 110 is pre-heated. This methanol stream may contain low levels of water, such as at least 0.2% water. Pre-processing to flash separate an ether from the transported fuel is not required as fumigant is not required. Pre-processing may still however take place to prepare the fuel for combustion and/or to separate ethers for separate use outside the power generation plant. It is also understood that in relation to FIG. 3A, the step of pre-heating the intake air with exhaust heat is not essential and could be omitted. It is however useful to make use of exhaust heat and recycle exhaust particles to improve engine efficiency and reduce emissions. Alternatively the water from the venturi scrubber to the fin fan could in principle be used for the purpose of heating the inlet air.

In the process illustrated in FIG. 3B, intake air can be preheated by various means including using the heat transferred from exhaust gas, for example through condenser 116 or from heat taken from exhaust earlier in the post-combustion process such as at the catalytic conversion stage. Alternatively, intake air is pre-heated using other techniques described herein including direct heating with electrical heating elements, glow plugs, and indirect heating such as by way of superchargers or turbochargers.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate how the concept of the power generation using the technology and fuel described herein can be applied to power a rail vehicle. Reference numbers in FIGS. 5A and 5B correspond to the same numbers and items used in relation to FIGS. 3A and 3B. Any pre-processing 104 of the fuel and the use of the fuel through the engine 111 is the same. Exhaust air is cooled after exiting the catalytic converter 112 through a first heat exchanger 120 that uses ambient air to cool exhaust and heat combustion air 110.

The exhaust treatment on a rail vehicle differs from that of the HWL process in separating water from other exhaust material. Exhaust gas exiting the catalytic converter is passed through an activated Alumina water adsorbing cycle 121 and an activated Alumina water evolving cycle 122 to produce clean hot and dry exhaust to atmosphere with the recapture of water from exhaust gas through a water condenser 123. Recaptured water can be supplied back into the pre-process stage or used for non-potable rail vehicle use. The cooler dry exhaust exiting the activated alumina cycles can be used through a second heat exchanger 124 to provide heating or cooling on the rail vehicle.

The manufacture of fuel at the methanol plant 101 would lead in one embodiment to potentially two components being stored on the rail vehicle: (1) a water methanol mix designed to provide the correct NOX/performance outcome, and (2) a fumigant component in separate pressurised storage. Rail weight penalties are not large compared to shipping weight penalties.

FIG. 5B, similar to FIG. 3B, illustrates the rail vehicle power generation process without the use of fumigant, and relying only on pre-heating. The same comments on the merit of the HWL process without fumigant apply for the process described in relation to FIG. 5B.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the concept of the power generation process used for marine purposes, and for example on a ship. Similar to the HWL power generation process example, a methanol manufacturing plant sized for a ship can be provided on the ship in order to supply methanol based fuel to one or more engines 111 that power the ship. Similar to the examples above, FIG. 6A illustrates a process using fumigant ignition enhancer in the intake air while FIG. 6B illustrates the process without fumigant. The process could instead include no pre-heat or pre-heat of intake air.

A first heat exchanger 120 on the marine vehicle cools exhaust air using cooler ambient air. A portion of that exhaust air can be re-circulated back to become heated combustion air 110. The remaining cooled exhaust air is then passed on to a desalinator 125 and other heat exchange equipment in order to maximise exhaust heat recovery for the vehicle's needs such as tank and vehicle heating. The desalinator makes use of seawater readily available to marine vehicles

The general advantage associated with the processes and fuels described herein when used in the applications described above is that it enables the simultaneous delivery of several benefits to energy and resource constrained communities and quarters. Specific advantages include:

-   -   Development of remote resources that may otherwise remain         undeveloped due to unsuitability (e.g. high sulphur).     -   Provide seamless options for efficient biomass co-processing to         reduce CO2.     -   Earliest co-use of biomass would extend the life of existing         resources.     -   The integration of other renewable is also a possibility, such         as wind and sun     -   Provide electricity to demand centres on a combined heat and         power (CHP) or combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) basis.     -   To virtually eliminate all non-CO2 pollutants arising from the         production stage of electric power.     -   To capture hydrogen from resources to the maximum extent         possible and convert these resources to water for use by demand         centres (1 part hydrogen converts in reaction with oxygen to 9         parts of water by weight). Under such arrangements a fossil fuel         resource can also be regarded in part as a water resource with         potential “free carry” effect, as the fuel delivery mechanism         will in any case absorb its own distribution costs. This water         will be treated with activated alumina or other suitable         adsorption material or technology to remove breakthroughs which         pass the catalytic converter which treats the hot engine         exhaust.     -   Provide waste heat to local communities by a hot water loop         (HWL) cooling down the exhaust and exchanging this major source         of heat energy with local demand centres for heat, for heating         or refrigeration purposes. The clean exhaust from utilising the         technology described herein allows proximity of power generation         to market, a feature not normally available to coal fired power         generation in particular.     -   Efficiently recovering water and heat. Other heat transfer         approaches can be used, with increased recovery though at higher         cost, and combustion air can also optionally be heated by, for         example, the circulating water prior to the fin fan cooler (in         the example of FIGS. 3A and 3B).     -   High recovery of water may be obtained, in the vicinity of 0.7         to 1 tonne irrigation water per tonne of methanol consumed, or         higher if justifiable on economic and engineering grounds.     -   Provide pH neutral irrigation water for direct use by local         communities     -   Provide a water washed exhaust which neutralises acids and         removes particulates down to low levels. Other pollutants such         as SOX and hydrocarbons in the exhaust will also be low.

The technology described herein with water production, HWL heat integration and emissions outcomes will come at a cost in terms of engine efficiency, however this aspect is in many cases expected be offset by supply chain benefits and the benefits mentioned above.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Experimental Program to Investigate Methanol Water Fuel Compositions for Compression Ignition Engines 1.1 Summary

This report summarises the results obtained during an experimental programme undertaken by the University of Melbourne on the performance and engine-out emissions of different methanol based fuels in a compression ignition engine.

The fuels tested were mixtures of methanol, water, dimethyl ether (DME) and diethyl ether (DEE). As methanol is not normally a compression ignition fuel, two ignition promoter systems were used. The first consisted of an inlet air pre-heater. By heating the engine inlet air to up to 150 deg C (an imposed safety limit), higher temperatures are reached near the end of the compression stroke, at which point the main fuel charge is injected. In some cases, these temperatures were high enough such that compression ignition of the injected fuel occurred.

The second system for promoting ignition involved the continuous injection (i.e. fumigation) of gaseous di-methyl ether (DME) into the engine's inlet port. Because DME has a relatively low ignition temperature and a high cetane number, the DME auto-ignites as the air/fumigant mixture is compressed during the compression stroke, thus releasing thermal energy that in turn can ignite the main fuel charge.

The tests were conducted on a modified 1D81 Hatz, single cylinder diesel engine, mounted on an in-house built motoring/absorbing dynamometer facility. In its unmodified state, this naturally aspirated engine produces up to 10 kW of shaft power from a single cylinder of approximately 670 cc volume. It is very likely that the absolute performance of all fuels tested will be better in larger engines, as it is commonly known in the engine community that peak engine efficiency increases with engine size due to fundamental physical laws.

As such, it is considered that the engine performance for the non-diesel fuels in the current test programme should be viewed relative to the diesel fuelled result on this same engine. Specifically, if comparable or better performance is achieved with a given alternative fuel relative to diesel in this engine, it is likely that this relative performance can also be achieved on a larger engine. Of course, maximising the absolute performance of a given fuel on a given engine requires further optimisation, and which should improve engine performance.

The general observations from this experimental programme are as follows.

1. Fumigated Engine Tests

These results show that at the more efficient operating conditions, the fumigated engine produced comparable efficiency, lower NO emissions and much lower particulate emissions than the diesel engine.

2. Heated Inlet Air Tests

These results show that engine out NO emissions were comparable to the diesel engine. As with the fumigated engine runs, much lower particulate emissions than the diesel engine were again observed. Further work is required to improve the efficiency of the engine in this mode of operation.

1.2 Experimental Methods

The tests were conducted on a modified 1D81 Hatz diesel engine, mounted on an in-house built motoring/absorbing dynamometer facility. FIG. 10 sets out a Process and Instrumentation Diagram for the facility. The unmodified engine specifications are detailed on Table 1 below. These specifications were not changed during the engine testing.

The modifications made to the engine consisted of the following.

-   -   Replacement of the mechanical fuel injector and fuel pump with a         solenoidally driven injection system and separate fuel pump and         injection system.     -   An electronically commanded common rail diesel injector was used         to fuel the system. This injector (Bosch, model 0 445 110         054-RE) delivered a significantly higher volume flow rate than         the injector on the unmodified engine, such that the highest         water containing fuels in Table 2 could be delivered whilst         achieving the same air/fuel ratio as both the diesel and pure         methanol fuels.     -   This injector is oversized for this engine, and so should result         in a significant reduction in engine performance even when         running on the same diesel fuel as the unmodified engine. As a         result, the proper reference for testing the alternative fuels         listed in Table 2 is the same, modified system running on         diesel, the results of which are listed in Tables 3, 4 and 5. It         is anticipated that further testing, specifically of fuels with         the lower water content, will enable use of a smaller injector         and thus significant improvements in engine performance.     -   As FIG. 10 shows, the fuels were mixed into a pressurised         storage vessel such that the DME did not transition into the gas         phase prior to injection into the engine. This vessel was always         at between 5 and 10 bar during testing. The liquid fuel leaving         this vessel was then pressurised by a Haskel, air drive pump, up         to 800 bar before being injected into the engine. A high         pressure accumulator was used to ensure that the fuel line         pressure remained constant during the tests.     -   The fuel flow rate was measured by suspending the pressurised         storage vessel on a load cell, and measuring the rate of change         of the vessel's mass during each test.     -   Extension of the inlet manifold.     -   This was done to connect both the inlet air pre-heater and the         DME fumigation inlet. Both systems were used as ignition         promoters of the main fuel charge.     -   Extension of the exhaust manifold to connect all the emission         analysis systems.     -   A Kistler piezoelectric pressure transducer.     -   Installed on the engine's cylinder head in order to record the         in-cylinder pressure.     -   Use of Shell Helix Racing 10W60 oil for all tests.     -   This is a synthetic oil.

The exhaust out emissions were analysed using a number of independent systems.

-   -   A MAHA particulate matter meter.     -   This device gives a gravimetric measure of the particulate         matter in the engine exhaust.     -   A Bosch UEGO sensor.     -   This is a production device that measures the air-fuel ratio.         Whilst it has been developed for hydrocarbon fuels, comparison         with the measured air-fuel ratio from the ADS9000 emissions         bench demonstrated that it functioned well for all fuels tested         other than those with greater than 50% water content (FIG. 4).     -   An ADS9000 emissions bench.     -   This device measured the engine out emissions of NO. Prior to         sampling, the exhaust sample is passed through unheated lines         and a water trap, and thus the water content of the sampled         gases should be close to saturated at ambient conditions. The         ADS9000 was calibrated before and during the test programme         using calibration gases for all measured quantities and a gas         divider.     -   A Gasmet FTIR emissions analyser.     -   This device was calibrated using appropriate calibration gases         and zeroed with high purity nitrogen as per the supplier's         instruction.

Each fuel was tested at the steady state speed of 2000 rpm and a lambda value of 2 (i.e. 100% excess air). The unmodified engine operated at a lambda of approximately 1.5. The leaner operation was chosen since the first tests at lambda 1.5 with pure methanol resulted in engine seizure due to an over-advanced injection in one instance. No further engine seizures were experienced at lambda 2.

The overall test engine procedure was as follows.

1. Heated Inlet Runs.

The inlet air was first increased to 150 deg C.

The injection duration was set by the lambda value of 2, and the start of injection set to top-dead-centre.

The heater controller then reduced the inlet temperature whilst the engine ran, until positive engine torque was no longer sustained. The heater inlet controller then set the inlet temperature to a degree higher than when operation ceased.

The start of injection was then advanced with the dynamometer controller maintaining constant engine speed, until the engine torque reached so-called ‘maximum brake torque (MBT)’. MBT is the most efficient operating condition at a constant engine speed and air/fuel ratio.

The resulting injection timing (start and duration) and other measured quantities were logged at this operating condition.

2. Fumigated Inlet Runs.

The engine was established at a smooth running condition with a high DME flow rate.

The main fuel injection duration was set by the lambda value of 2 and the start of injection timing was set at top-dead-centre.

The DME flow rate was then reduced whilst increasing the main fuel flow rate to maintain constant lambda, until the brake torque reached a maximum.

The start-of-injection timing was then advanced until MBT timing was achieved, whilst continuing to adjust the main fuel flow rate to maintain lambda if required.

The resulting injection timing (start and duration) and other measured quantities were logged at this operating condition.

3. Diesel Engine Run.

The start-of-injection timing was advanced to MBT whilst maintaining lambda at 2 via the injection duration.

The specifications of the fuels were as follows.

-   -   Methanol, 99.8%+purity     -   De-ionised water, 99.8%+purity     -   dimethyl ether (DME), 98%+purity     -   di-ethyl ether (DEE), 98%+purity

1.3 Results

The results of the test work are presented in the tables below.

TABLE 1 unmodified engine specifications Technical Data Units 1D81 Number of Cylinders 1 Bore × stroke [mm] 100 × 85 Displacement [L] 0.667 Mean piston speed at 3000 [m/s] 8.5 rpm Compression ratio 20.5

TABLE 2 schedule of fuels tested (those in bold did not produce net work output even with inlet air at 150 deg C.) With Fumigation With Heater Main fuel composition Main fuel composition (% by volume) (% by volume) MeOH Water DME DEE MeOH water DME DEE 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 95 5 0 0 85 15 0 0 90 10 0 0 77.5 22.5 0 0 70 30 0 0 70 30 0 0 50 50 0 0 50 50 0 0 35 65 0 0 35 65 0 0 95 0 5 0 95 0 5 0 90 5 5 0 80 15 5 0 85 10 5 0 72.5 22.5 5 0 65 30 5 0 65 30 5 0 45 50 5 0 45 50 5 0 30 65 5 0 30 65 5 0 90 0 10 0 90 0 10 0 85 5 10 0 75 15 10 0 80 10 10 0 67.5 22.5 10 0 60 30 10 0 60 30 10 0 40 50 10 0 40 50 10 0 25 65 10 0 25 65 10 0 80 0 20 0 80 0 20 0 75 5 20 0 65 15 20 0 70 10 20 0 57.5 22.5 20 0 50 30 20 0 50 30 20 0 30 50 20 0 30 50 20 0 15 65 20 0 15 65 20 0 90 0 0 10 90 0 0 10 85 5 0 10 75 15 0 10 80 10 0 10 67.5 22.5 0 10 60 30 0 10 60 30 0 10 40 50 0 10 40 50 0 10 25 65 0 10 25 65 0 10

TABLE 3 Diesel performance data Diesel Performance Data LHV Tin Tout Injection Time Inj. Duration Speed Torque Power Airflow Main Fuel DME Fum BTE (MJ/kg) ° C. ° C. DBTDC CAD Lambda — rpm Nm kW g/s g/s g/s % 43 22.4 401 4 10 2.13 1975 22.1 4.6 13.1 0.46 0 23.0%

TABLE 4 Diesel ADS9000 emissions data Maha and ADS 9000 (calculated wet) Emissions Particulate NO NO Lambda mg/m{circumflex over ( )}3 ppm g/kWh — 140 440 4.9 1.9

TABLE 5 performance data with DME fumigation With Fumigation Performance Data Main fuel composition Inj. Time Inj. Main (% by volume) LHV Tin Tout CAD Duration Lambda Speed Torque Power Airflow Fuel DME MeOH water DME DEE MJ/kg ° C. ° C. BTDC CAD UEGO rpm Nm kW g/s g/s g/s BTE % 100 0 0 0 20.0 27 339 6 16 2.1 1977 18.4 3.8 12.8 0.69 0.168 20.3% 95 5 0 0 18.8 26 318 6 18 2.1 1981 18.8 3.9 12.9 0.74 0.168 20.9% 90 10 0 0 17.5 27 327 6 19 2.1 1985 17.9 3.7 12.9 0.75 0.168 20.7% 70 30 0 0 13.0 26 301 6 22 2.1 1984 16.4 3.4 12.9 0.89 0.210 19.3% 50 50 0 0 8.8 25 241 10 26 2.2 1984 12.5 2.6 12.9 1.01 0.252 16.0% 35 65 0 0 6.0 25 191 28 34 2.1 1982 10.0 2.1 12.9 1.32 0.280 12.9% 95 0 5 0 20.4 27 367 8 21 2.1 1981 20.5 4.3 12.9 0.77 0.168 20.7% 90 5 5 0 19.1 27 349 12 21 2.1 1984 20.9 4.3 12.9 0.80 0.168 21.5% 85 10 5 0 17.9 26 337 12 22 2.1 1980 20.0 4.1 12.9 0.80 0.168 21.7% 65 30 5 0 13.3 24 296 16 28 2.1 1977 18.7 3.9 12.8 1.03 0.182 20.3% 45 50 5 0 9.1 24 251 20 33 2.1 1979 14.8 3.1 12.8 1.20 0.238 17.2% 30 65 5 0 6.2 24 194 30 34 2.0 1980 10.4 2.2 12.8 1.32 0.252 13.9% 90 0 10 0 20.8 24 354 10 21 2.0 1979 21.7 4.5 12.8 0.80 0.168 20.9% 85 5 10 0 19.5 24 352 12 23 2.0 1977 22.1 4.6 12.8 0.85 0.168 21.4% 80 10 10 0 18.2 23 335 16 21 2.0 1977 21.7 4.5 12.8 0.83 0.168 22.3% 60 30 10 0 13.6 24 294 18 25 2.0 1979 18.6 3.9 12.8 0.98 0.182 20.8% 40 50 10 0 9.4 24 258 20 30 2.0 1983 15.6 3.2 12.9 1.18 0.238 18.0% 25 65 10 0 6.4 24 180 30 32 2.3 1976 8.3 1.7 12.8 1.19 0.266 11.2% 80 0 20 0 21.6 24 353 10 19 2.0 1980 22.0 4.6 12.8 0.72 0.210 21.1% 75 5 20 0 20.2 26 352 10 19 2.1 1981 21.1 4.4 12.9 0.69 0.210 21.8% 70 10 20 0 19.0 24 327 10 18 2.1 1977 19.6 4.1 12.8 0.73 0.210 20.3% 50 30 20 0 14.2 23 300 16 23 2.1 1976 17.4 3.6 12.8 0.86 0.238 18.9% 30 50 20 0 9.9 23 271 18 30 2.0 1978 15.0 3.1 12.8 1.09 0.266 16.8% 15 65 20 0 6.9 22 204 30 46 2.2 1978 10.7 2.2 12.8 1.27 0.308 12.6% 90 0 0 10 21.3 33 377 6 16 2.1 1987 19.2 4.0 12.9 0.69 0.168 20.4% 85 5 0 10 20.1 32 381 6 20 2.0 1986 19.5 4.1 12.9 0.74 0.168 20.6% 80 10 0 10 18.8 31 344 10 20 2.1 1987 19.1 4.0 12.9 0.77 0.168 20.6% 60 30 0 10 14.1 30 313 12 24 2.1 1987 17.9 3.7 12.9 0.93 0.182 20.2% 40 50 0 10 9.9 30 279 16 32 1.9 1985 16.6 3.4 12.9 1.34 0.224 17.4% 25 65 0 10 7.0 30 210 30 38 2.1 1989 11.3 2.4 12.91 1.34 0.266 13.8%

TABLE 6 performance data with heated inlet air Performance Data With Heater Inj. Main fuel composition LHV Time Inj. (% by volume) (MJ/ Tin Tout CAD Duration Lambda Speed Torque Power Airflow Main Fuel DME MeOH water DME DEE kg) ° C. ° C. BTDC CAD UEGO rpm Nm kW g/s g/s g/s BT

% 100 0 0 0 20.0 100.0 377 10 16 2.01 1988 12.2 2.5 10.4 0.73 0 17.5

85 15 0 0 16.4 107.5 334 14 18 2.08 1992 10.6 2.2 10.3 0.79 0 17.2

77.5 22.5 0 0 14.6 126.1 307 16 19 2.10 1991 7.4 1.5 9.8 0.84 0 12.5

95 0 5 0 20.4 106.8 357 10 14 2.10 1987 10.6 2.2 10.3 0.61 0 17.7

80 15 5 0 16.7 108.3 348 12 18 2.04 1983 10.6 2.2 10.2 0.74 0 17.7

72.5 22.5 5 0 15.0 120.5 339 16 20 1.94 1981 9.5 2.0 9.9 0.83 0 15.8

90 0 10 0 20.8 114.0 381 10 17 1.99 1988 11.1 2.3 10.1 0.65 0 17.2

75 15 10 0 17.0 113.6 333 12 17 2.13 1987 10.1 2.1 10.1 0.72 0 17.1

67.5 22.5 10 0 15.28 105.9 347 14 20 2.03 1989 11.2 2.3 10.3 0.86 0 17.8

80 0 20 0 21.6 113.4 378 10 15 2.10 1989 10.6 2.2 10.1 0.60 0 17.1

65 15 20 0 17.7 106.5 337 14 18 2.11 1990 10.7 2.2 10.3 0.71 0 17.7

57.5 22.5 20 0 15.9 117.8 336 16 20 2.05 1991 9.5 2.0 10.0 0.78 0 16.0

90 0 0 10 21.3 100.7 365 10 16 2.04 1984 12.0 2.5 10.4 0.67 0 17.5

75 15 0 10 17.6 111.9 327 12 17 2.15 1990 9.9 2.1 10.1 0.72 0 16.3

67.5 22.5 0 10 15.9 124.6 320 14 18 2.03 1988 8.4 1.8 9.8 0.76 0 14.6

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 7 MAHA and ADS 9000 (calculated wet) emissions with DME fumigation With Fumigation Maha and ADS 9000 Main fuel composition (calculated wet) Emissions (% by volume) Particulate NO NO Lambda MeOH water DME DEE mg/m{circumflex over ( )}3 ppm g/kWh — 100 0 0 0 1 106 1.5 2.0 95 5 0 0 1 89 1.2 2.0 90 10 0 0 1 37 0.5 2.0 70 30 0 0 1 12 0.2 2.1 50 50 0 0 1 11 0.2 2.2 35 65 0 0 1 18 0.5 2.2 95 0 5 0 1 57 0.7 1.9 90 5 5 0 1 141 1.7 1.9 85 10 5 0 1 83 1.1 2.0 65 30 5 0 1 19 0.3 2.0 45 50 5 0 1 19 0.4 2.1 30 65 5 0 1 21 0.6 2.3 90 0 10 0 1 99 1.2 1.9 85 5 10 0 1 97 1.1 1.9 80 10 10 0 1 192 2.3 1.9 60 30 10 0 1 17 0.2 2.0 40 50 10 0 1 12 0.2 2.1 25 65 10 0 1 28 0.9 2.4 80 0 20 0 1 111 1.3 1.9 75 5 20 0 1 153 1.8 1.9 70 10 20 0 1 88 1.1 2.0 50 30 20 0 1 54 0.8 2.0 30 50 20 0 1 9 0.2 2.0 15 65 20 0 1 15 0.4 2.2 90 0 0 10 1 92 1.2 1.9 85 5 0 10 1 72 0.9 1.9 80 10 0 10 1 65 0.9 1.9 60 30 0 10 1 21 0.3 2.0 40 50 0 10 1 15 0.2 2.0 25 65 0 10 1 20 0.5 2.2

TABLE 8 MAHA and ADS 9000 (calculated wet) emissions with heated inlet air With Heater Maha and ADS 9000 Main fuel composition (calculated wet) Emissions (% by volume) Particulate NO NO Lambda MeOH water DME DEE mg/m{circumflex over ( )}3 ppm g/kWh — 100 0 0 0 1 355 5.93 2.0 85 15 0 0 1 158 3.02 2.0 77.5 22.5 0 0 1 85 2.27 2.1 95 0 5 0 1 356 6.65 2.1 80 15 5 0 1 146 2.79 2.0 72.5 22.5 5 0 1 100 2.09 2.0 90 0 10 0 1 371 6.55 2.0 75 15 10 0 1 136 2.67 2.1 67.5 22.5 10 0 1 106 1.94 2.1 80 0 20 0 1 358 6.54 2.1 65 15 20 0 1 249 4.68 2.0 57.5 22.5 20 0 1 139 2.90 2.0 90 0 0 10 1 290 4.89 2.0 75 15 0 10 1 187 3.73 2.1 67.5 22.5 0 10 1 139 3.20 2.1

TABLE 9 combustion analysis data with DME fumigation With Fumigation Main fuel composition Combustion Analysis (% by volume) IMEP PMEP PP LPP PPRR LPPRR CoV MeOH water DME DEE kPa kPa kPa DATDC kPa/deg CA % 100 0 0 0 717.5 −28.0 8466.5 6.5 357.4 −12.4 2.33% 95 5 0 0 723.3 −28.6 9195.1 5.3 390.1 −2.2 3.93% 90 10 0 0 701.9 −27.9 8277.2 5.9 355.4 −12.5 2.39% 70 30 0 0 666.2 −27.2 8194.6 6.4 388.3 −12.9 4.10% 50 50 0 0 577.2 −27.1 9624.9 3.3 490.6 −14.3 3.82% 35 65 0 0 535.3 −25.5 10573.9 2.9 430.2 −6.0 3.67% 95 0 5 0 776.4 −29.3 8457.0 5.7 319.4 −11.5 3.75% 90 5 5 0 773.3 −29.0 9387.6 5.1 465.8 −0.8 4.16% 85 10 5 0 756.3 −28.5 9340.8 4.9 431.3 −1.1 4.66% 65 30 5 0 740.4 −28.9 9931.3 4.2 483.6 −1.4 3.46% 45 50 5 0 670.0 −27.7 9767.1 4.8 395.5 −12.9 4.29% 30 65 5 0 570.1 −26.9 10951.5 2.5 466.6 −4.5 4.37% 90 0 10 0 775.3 −29.4 9003.2 5.5 344.9 −9.3 3.94% 85 5 10 0 771.7 −29.0 9320.6 4.9 405.6 −1.7 3.47% 80 10 10 0 781.8 −28.5 10387.8 4.0 548.1 −5.3 4.24% 60 30 10 0 708.4 −25.1 10361.1 3.3 580.2 −4.0 3.73% 40 50 10 0 656.1 −25.2 10675.0 2.5 502.5 −4.5 2.41% 25 65 10 0 583.6 −26.8 10161.1 4.1 373.3 −11.5 2.92% 80 0 20 0 796.8 −29.3 9159.7 5.4 352.4 −10.3 2.93% 75 5 20 0 802.3 −29.9 9286.8 5.4 366.5 −12.5 3.09% 70 10 20 0 755.6 −27.9 9425.7 5.2 394.6 −13.1 4.05% 50 30 20 0 * 30 50 20 0 * 15 65 20 0 * 90 0 0 10 738.6 −30.2 7752.5 5.7 345.2 −13.0 4.62% 85 5 0 10 747.2 −29.9 8036.1 5.6 334.5 −12.9 3.67% 80 10 0 10 738.3 −28.5 8916.7 5.4 344.0 −9.3 3.24% 60 30 0 10 708.2 −28.3 9197.5 4.7 365.3 −8.1 3.90% 40 50 0 10 664.7 −26.6 9777.8 3.7 417.9 −14.2 3.90% 25 65 0 10 572.4 −24.5 10794.8 2.9 468.6 −3.8 4.35% * These entries were unavailable due to failure of the pressure transducer during testing.

TABLE 10 combustion analysis data with heated inlet air With Heater Main fuel composition Combustion Analysis (% by volume) IMEP PMEP PP LPP PPRR LPPRR CoV MeOH water DME DEE kPa kPa kPa DATDC kPa/deg DATDC % 100 0 0 0 523.4 −21.5 7614.1 5.9 373.2 −0.4 4.72% 85 15 0 0 517.1 −21.3 7900.8 5.7 481.3 0.5 4.42% 77.5 22.5 0 0 431.0 −17.0 7420.6 5.6 390.8 0.0 4.11% 95 0 5 0 531.3 −20.4 7402.2 6.4 370.7 0.9 4.36% 80 15 5 0 556.3 −21.7 7440.5 5.8 382.4 1.6 5.22% 72.5 22.5 5 0 505.6 −19.8 7963.9 4.9 524.1 −1.1 3.90% 90 0 10 0 528.6 −20.3 7391.3 6.0 381.6 1.7 5.22% 75 15 10 0 505.3 −20.3 7408.9 5.7 399.9 0.9 4.20% 67.5 22.5 10 0 486.5 −19.4 7595.2 5.6 440.6 0.1 4.64% 80 0 20 0 535.7 −19.9 7089.4 5.9 328.3 −0.8 4.08% 65 15 20 0 554.7 −20.2 7807.8 5.8 466.6 −0.3 4.17% 57.5 22.5 20 0 489.6 −18.8 7861.2 4.7 509.5 −1.4 4.54% 90 0 0 10 557.2 −21.6 7493.1 6.5 384.3 1.6 3.75% 75 15 0 10 511.9 −20.9 7585.1 6.6 406.1 2.8 4.66% 67.5 22.5 0 10 478.7 −20.3 7636.8 5.2 464.9 −0.9 3.50%

1.5 Further Test Work

Further test work was conducted to explore additional fuel and fumigant combinations, and the results of those tests are summarized in Tables 11 and 12 below. Of note is the following:

-   -   Overall, the engine efficiencies at 1000 rpm are lower than for         the same or similar fuels at higher engine speeds. This is based         on the fact that the unmodified Hatz engine had a peak         efficiency at approximately 2000 rpm, and was to be expected.         When used in larger engines designed for peak efficiency at a         lower rpm, the efficiencies using the fuels would be improved.     -   Emissions of NO using the ADS9000 device are not presented due         to failure of this sensor during this testing programme.     -   The fuel injector failed during test number 25. The data logged         for this test still appeared to be reasonable, as the failure         was late in the test, and so is included in this Addendum. Of         note is the comparative performance of runs 25 and 27, which         have very similar main fuel composition, other than the         additives.

TABLE 11 performance data with DME fumigation Fumigated Run Main % by Vol Additives by weight Main fuel composition with additives (% by mass) LHV No MeOH EthOH water DME DEE Formal. Aspro. Other MeOH EthOH water DME DEE Formal. Aspro. Other (MJ/kg) 22 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 64.9 0.0 35.1 0 0 0 0 0 13.0 23 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 64.9 0.0 35.1 0 0 0 0 0 13.0 24 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 64.9 0.0 35.1 0 0 0 0 0 13.0 25 — — — 0 0 0 2.5 0.4 93.2 0.0 3.9 0 0 0 2.5 0.4 18.6 27 — — — 0 0 2 0 0.4 93.7 0.0 3.9 0 0 2 0 0.4 18.7 28 — — — 0 0 0 0 0.4 79.7 0.0 19.9 0 0 0 0 0.4 15.9 29 — — — 0 0 0 0 0 40 0.0 60.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 8.0 30 — — — 0 0 0 0 0 93 0.0 7.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 18.6 24rep 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 64.9 0.0 35.1 0 0 0 0 0 13 Performance Data Maha and ADS 9000 Injection Main (calculated wet) Emissions Run Tin Tout Time Lambda Speed Torque Power Airflow Fuel DME BTE Particulate NO NO Lambda No deg C. deg C. CAD BTDC UEGO rpm Nm kW g/s g/s g/s % mg/m{circumflex over ( )}3 ppm g/kWh — 22 39 209 0 2.1 1000 9.1 1.0 6.3 0.41 0.047 14.4% 1 — — 2.1 23 56 214 0 2.0 998 8.3 0.9 5.9 0.41 0.039 13.4% 1 — — 2.2 24 81 216 0 2.1 999 4.8 0.5 5.5 0.38 0.032 8.6% 1 — — 2.1 25 32 228 0 2.0 992 12.1 1.3 6.4 0.31 0.05 17.5% 1 — — 1.9 27 26 233 0 2.1 994 12.3 1.3 6.5 0.32 0.043 17.6% 1 — — 2.1 28 26 220 0 2.1 993 10.8 1.1 6.5 0.34 0.056 16.0% 1 — — 2.1 29 26 193 0 2.1 990 7.0 0.7 6.5 0.52 0.102 10.2% 1 — — 2.1 30 78 339 0 2.1 1978 11.1 2.3 11.0 0.67 0.106 14.7% 1.2 — — 2.1 24rep 83 224 0 2.0 995 5.9 0.6 5.5 0.39 0.031 10.4% 1 — — 2.0

TABLE 12 performance data with heated inlet air With Heater Run Main % by Vol Additives by weight Main fuel composition with additives (% by mass) LHV No MeOH EthOH water DME DEE Formal. Aspro. Other MeOH EthOH water DME DEE Formal. Aspro. Other (MJ/kg) 3 70 0 30 5 0 0 0 0 61.7 0.0 33.3 5 0 0 0 0 13.8 6 70 0 30 0 8 0 0 0 59.7 0.0 32.3 0 8 0 0 0 14.7 7 70 0 30 0 20 0 0 0 51.9 0.0 28.1 0 20 0 0 0 17.2 8 70 0 30 20 0 0 0 0 51.9 0.0 28.1 20 0 0 0 0 16.2 11  70 0 30 0 0 4 0 0 62.3 0.0 33.7 0 0 4 0 0 12.5 18  70 0 30 0 0 1 0 0 64.3 0.0 34.7 0 0 1 0 0 12.9 21  20 50 30 5 0 0 0 0 17.5 44.3 33.2 5 0 0 0 0 16.9 Performance Data Maha and ADS 9000 Main DME (calculated wet) Emissions Run Tin Tout Injection Time Lambda Speed Torque Power Airflow Fuel Fum BTE Particulate NO NO Lambda No deg C. deg C. DBTDC UEGO rpm Nm kW g/s g/s g/s % mg/m{circumflex over ( )}3 ppm g/kWh — 3 141.1 229.2 0 2.06 995 3.4 0.4 4.7 0.41 — 6.5% 1 — — 2.0 6 154.7 229 0 2.08 993 2.0 0.2 4.6 0.33 — 4.2% 1 — — 2.2 7 155.4 237 0 2.09 991 2.3 0.2 4.5 0.29 — 4.7% 1 — — 2.2 8 149.6 244 0 2.02 996 3.2 0.3 4.6 0.32 — 6.3% 1 — — 2.1 11  Did not fire — — — — 18  Did not fire — — — — 21  150.8 246 0 2.03 994 3.2 0.3 4.6 0.28 — 7.0% 1 — — 2.1

1.5 Comparison Tables Between % Volume and % Mass in Fuel Compositions

The tables in the test results outlined at 1.1 to 1.4 above are based on relative amounts of components in the main fuel composition measured by volume. The following tables 13 and 14 enable a conversion to be made between volume and weight % for the fuel compositions.

TABLE 13 Comparison tables between % volume and % mass - Fumigation With Fumigation Main fuel composition Main fuel composition (% by volume) (% by mass) MeOH water DME DEE MeOH water DME DEE 100 0 0 0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95 5 0 0 93.8 6.2 0.0 0.0 90 10 0 0 87.7 12.3 0.0 0.0 70 30 0 0 64.9 35.1 0.0 0.0 50 50 0 0 44.2 55.8 0.0 0.0 35 65 0 0 29.9 70.1 0.0 0.0 95 0 5 0 95.8 0.0 4.2 0.0 90 5 5 0 89.5 6.3 4.2 0.0 85 10 5 0 83.4 12.4 4.1 0.0 65 30 5 0 60.7 35.4 3.9 0.0 45 50 5 0 40.0 56.2 3.8 0.0 30 65 5 0 25.8 70.6 3.6 0.0 90 0 10 0 91.4 0.0 8.6 0.0 85 5 10 0 85.2 6.3 8.5 0.0 80 10 10 0 79.1 12.5 8.3 0.0 60 30 10 0 56.4 35.7 7.9 0.0 40 50 10 0 35.8 56.6 7.6 0.0 25 65 10 0 21.6 71.1 7.3 0.0 80 0 20 0 82.6 0.0 17.4 0.0 75 5 20 0 76.4 6.4 17.2 0.0 70 10 20 0 70.3 12.7 16.9 0.0 50 30 20 0 47.7 36.2 16.1 0.0 30 50 20 0 27.3 57.4 15.3 0.0 15 65 20 0 13.2 72.1 14.8 0.0 90 0 0 10 90.9 0.0 0.0 9.1 85 5 0 10 84.7 6.3 0.0 9.0 80 10 0 10 78.7 12.4 0.0 8.9 60 30 0 10 56.1 35.5 0.0 8.4 40 50 0 10 35.6 56.3 0.0 8.0 25 65 0 10 21.5 70.7 0.0 7.8

TABLE 14 Comparison tables between % volume and % mass - Inlet Air Preheating With Heater Main fuel composition Main fuel composition (% by volume) (% by mass) MeOH water DME DEE MeOH water DME DEE 100 0 0 0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85 15 0 0 81.8 18.2 0.0 0.0 77.5 22.5 0 0 73.2 26.8 0.0 0.0 95 0 5 0 95.7 0.0 4.3 0.0 80 15 5 0 77.6 18.3 4.1 0.0 72.5 22.5 5 0 69.0 27.0 4.0 0.0 90 0 10 0 91.4 0.0 8.6 0.0 75 15 10 0 73.3 18.5 8.2 0.0 67.5 22.5 10 0 64.7 27.2 8.1 0.0 80 0 20 0 82.6 0.0 17.4 0.0 65 15 20 0 64.5 18.8 16.8 0.0 57.5 22.5 20 0 55.9 27.6 16.4 0.0 90 0 0 10 90.9 0.0 0.0 9.1 75 15 0 10 72.9 18.4 0.0 8.8 67.5 22.5 0 10 64.3 27.1 0.0 8.6

1.6 Observations on the Test Results Reported in Sections 1.1 to 1.5.

Water and Ether plus DME fumigant:

The work reported above demonstrates that that water has some key properties which make it a useful addition to a methanol fuel:

-   -   1. If injected with the combustible methanol fuel, up to a         point, the efficiency does not decrease but rather increases to         an optimal point, and then decreases as the proportion of water         continues to rise. It has been postulated by the applicants that         the increase in efficiency may be due to a combination of         factors such as the following factors:         -   a. the spectral properties of water such as emissivity and             absorption coefficient are superior relative to methanol             across the heating (eg infrared IR) band, which assists in             the uptake of radiant heat into the droplets of mixed fuel             and water, as the methanol evaporates from the droplet at an             accelerated rate, since methanol would share this higher             rate of heat uptake and vaporise first. The emissivity of             water is reported in the literature is between 0.9 and 1.0             ie nearly a blackbody to infrared radiation, while methanol             is less than half that value at close to 0.4.         -   b. The thermal conductivity of water is greater than             methanol         -   c. The thermal diffusivity of water is greater than             methanol.         -   d. Points b. and c. above would lead to greater transfer of             heat within a droplet with water present, again accelerating             the conversion of liquid phase methanol to gas as methanol             concentration decreases as the droplets shrink:

THERMAL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY CONDUCTIVITY MM2/SEC W/K•M 100% METHANOL  0.103 0.199 75% METHANOL 0.102 0.250 50% METHANOL 0.106 0.340 25% METHANOL 0.118 0.470 100% WATER 0.149 0.605

-   -   -   -   Taken from Thermochimica Acta 492 (2009) p 95-100

    -   2. The work reported above provides evidence of the viability of         a water methanol fuel through the demonstration of its smooth         operation when running even at high water levels with a suitable         amount of ignition assistance in terms of fumigant. From the         data presented in FIG. 7, which is derived from the work         reported above, it is shown that there is a peak of break         thermal efficiency achieved when the water content is in the         range of about 12% to 23% by weight of the main fuel         composition. The zone of improved BTE is for water contents         between 2% and 32%, with an optimum being achieved in the region         of close to 16-18% with DME fumigant. This was a surprising         result. It was unexpected that injecting such high levels of         water into the combustion chamber would enable a compression         ignition engine to operate with acceptable operation in terms of         COV of IMEP. (coefficient of variation of indicated mean         effective pressure).

From the experimental data reported above, a lower ranking BTE performer in most cases was undiluted methanol, with good performance obtained by mixtures which included DME in the 4-9% weight range.

As the water content went beyond approximately 30% by weight in fuels which contained the amounts of DME mentioned previously, the efficiency dropped back to levels that were consistent with the fuels being combusted with no water present.

It was of note that the fuels of about 70% water combusted in the engine, albeit at half the efficiency due in part to the higher exhaust water content.

FIG. 8 provides a graphical representation of the ether content of the main fuel, in weight %, and the consequent BTE of the fuel. The bracket (}) is used to mark the points relating to the use of diethylether as the ether component in the fuel composition, whereas the ether used in the other plotted points was dimethyl ether. FIG. 8 indicates a lift in BTE of some 1.5% by introducing 4% DME to the liquid phase at approx 16% water content, compared to the undiluted methanol case. In general, the results provided through the use of an amount of ether within the box shown by a dashed line provides advantages to the main fuel composition. Increasing the ether content above the 10% level (i.e. outside the box to the right of the figure) introduces additional cost without a corresponding process improvement or advantage.

At low water levels the benefits of 16% DME compared to 4% were small, and 4% DME outperformed 16% DME at water contents higher than about 6%.

Approx 8% DME by weight had slightly higher BTE than 4% DME throughout the water content range, the difference averaging about 0.3% up to a maximum of about 36% water in fuel.

Di ethyl ether (DEE, bracketed points) in fuel showed a weaker BTE in the lower water ranges where the performance was similar to neat methanol, however as the water content in fuel rose above about 25% DEE at approximately 8% improved its performance to match that of DME.

In terms of brake thermal efficiency DEE might not be chosen ahead of DME in a methanol water fuel unless other reasons such as volatility or vapour pressure prevailed.

Effect of water and fumigant on NO:

In a fumigated environment where a coolant such as water is applied, it could not be predicted that a reduction of NO would be achieved and the extent of NO reduction could not be predicted. The test work shows that the NO reduction was quite dramatic as water levels increased, showing a trough of 0.2 grams/kw-hr at 36% wt water, as shown in the FIG. 9.

FIG. 10 provides another illustration of the effect that increasing the water content has on NOX in the exhaust. The 4% and 8% DME lines showed the best response to NOX formation even at high inlet air temperatures. The same trend can be seen in the case of fumigation, case of decreasing NOX as water levels increase 16.5% DME and 8.8% DEE showed higher levels of NO compared to the low DME cases. All heated runs with no water produced higher NO than diesel fuel without preheat

From the above data and accompanying Figures it is evident that one operating zone of merit involves the use of a main fuel composition comprising methanol and 20-22% by weight water and 4-6% wt DME in the main fuel composition, with fumigation. This fuel would achieve good efficiency and low NO. The desirable fuel operation zone can be further expanded with acceptable operation of the CI engine, as described in detail in other sections of this application.

Diesel fuel on the same engine by contrast achieved 4.9 grams/kw-hr at lambda 2 and 2000 rpm (the lambda and speed of all fumigation tests in these graphs)

Fumigant:

The use of a fumigant (or fumigation) has not been considered previously with complex fuel compositions, particularly with fuel compositions comprising water and methanol, and optionally with other additives such as DME. Certainly there have been no reports of commercial uptake of such techniques. This may be due to the fact that it might have been considered that such a fuel would be unlikely to work well at all, given the low heating value of methanol, which is further impaired by mixing it with a high latent heat diluent such as water. The use of a fuel containing a large water component is also counter-intuitive as water is normally used to put out fires rather than help them burn.

To investigate this space a single cylinder engine with similar capacity of a cylinder of a 5 litre V8 engine was used, with larger injectors installed to overcome the low heating value per litre of some of the fuels to be tested.

These larger injectors had the effect of reducing the engine efficiency, however as a comparison between fuels, provided mirror conditions applied, the validity of the comparisons has been acknowledged by engine testing professionals. Oversized injectors were required in the specific operating conditions of the test, and the engine was operated at high rpm due to the small engine size, but further work would enable modification of these factors this with a consequent reduction in the relative amount of fumigant (ignition enhancer) injected into the inlet air of the engine. The experimental work carried out to support this application was carried out at 2000 rpm and 1000 rpm, the latter being the lowest operable speed of the Hatz engine used for the programme.

Example 2 70% Methanol:30% Water Fuel with Inlet Air Heat Method and Fumigant Operation

A fuel containing 70% methanol and 30% water, is introduced into the combustion ignition engine schematically represented in FIG. 1.

During different stages of operation of the engine (start-up, steady state at low load, steady state at 50%-100% full load, idle, and so forth), the engine can be operated in different modes, and in combinations of modes.

During operation at 0-50% engine load, the inlet air is preheated to between 150-200° C. with no fumigant present. The loss of air flow to the engine at elevated temperature is compensated by the engine being at low load.

In the case of 50% to full load operation, the inlet air preheat level can be reduced, and in addition a fumigant comprising 95% DME 3% methanol and 2% water can be used. Fumigant is injected into the inlet air, in an amount of 5% wt of the total fuel intake. This fumigation level may be lowered as full load is approached.

At start-up, the inlet air may be preheated, and in addition a larger weight % of fumigant with respect to the main fuel is fumigated into the air inlet. One suitable fumigant for this stage of operation is 20%-50% of a fumigant comprising 100% DME.

At idle after the engine is running, fumigation may be discontinued.

The inlet air preheating, with periodic assistance from fumigation (subject to engine rpm and load), enables operation of the engine to overcome the presence of water at the 30% level in the main fuel composition.

Example 3 95% Methanol:5% Water Fuel, with Heating and No Fumigation

Example 2 is repeated but with a 95% methanol to 5% water fuel composition. Inlet air is preheated to between 150° C. and 200° C. Such an arrangement can include a turbocharger and exhaust/inlet air heat exchanger.

Example 4 26% Methanol:74% Water with Heating and Fumigation

Example 3 is repeated but with a 26% methanol, 74% water fuel composition. This fuel composition may be suitable for use in marine applications—for operating ship CI engines. In this case, sea water can be used as the heat sink if required to obtain the required level of condensation from the exhaust gas. In a marine situation, to ensure safety in enclosed spaces via the presence of a non-flammable vapour phase on spillage, the water level in the fuel composition is about 74% (or more), with 26% (or less) of the fuel being methanol. This high water content avoids the risk of ignition causing engine room fires.

The fuel is the Example may be pumped into the main fuel storage tank in a composition ready for use (i.e. with 74% water in the methanol composition). Alternatively, a pre-mix having a lower water level (compared to the engine-use composition) may be pumped into the storage tank, and the water level increased through water dilution of the pre-mix final between storage and charging into the engine. The water source may be any water source, and may for example be recycled water, or desalinated water. This option has advantages with respect to the weight of the fuel composition carried on the vessel.

The ignition of this fuel requires heat methods as described above. DME vapour or spray fumigated into the air inlet provides sufficient means to ignite the fuel.

The amount of water in the exhaust gas can be calculated to be between about 30-50%. This is based on the original water in the fuel and water coming from combustion of the methanol, and DME, as well as water in the inlet air. This surprisingly high result arises from the high hydrogen content of methanol (which contains more hydrogen on a volume basis than cryogenic liquid hydrogen), combined with the high content of water in the fuel, water vapour in the air inlet and water combustion products from the fuels (methanol and DME).

With this combustion reaction there will be an excess of water generated and the opportunity exists to capture a portion of this for recycle and mixing with a lower-water content pre-mix fuel stored in the storage tank. In some embodiments it is advantageous to reduce supply chain logistics costs associated with the presence of water in the fuel by transporting a higher methanol content base fuel, and meeting target engine quality at higher water levels by the capture of water from the engine exhaust.

A heat exchange and spray chamber arrangement using pure water with optional additives for selected species removal in the final phase can be configured to ensure that non CO2 pollution from the combustion of methanol is low. In addition a final cleanup of the exhaust gas may be obtained by adsorption of, for example, unburnt methanol onto activated surfaces, for later desorption and recycle to the engine within the process using known techniques, or for incorporating as part of the fumigant or main fuel.

In terms of SOX the exhaust gas in this case may have the following analysis:

-   -   SOX<0.1 ppm.

In general the emissions of other pollutants such as NOX particulates will be much lower compared to oil based diesel fuels.

Any small amounts of NOX and SOX formed in the combustion phase, and the absorption of CO₂ in the water phase, can result in weak acidification of the water returning to mix with the fuel. The returning water mix may need chemical treatment or mechanical adjustment to offset this weak acidification.

The exhaust gas resulting from such cleanup has improved emissions compared to diesel fuel in terms of fuel, hydrocarbon, particulate, NOX and SOX emissions, which is environmentally advantageous.

CO₂ Recovery

The exhaust resulting from the high water fuel contains almost no impurities, making it ideal for subsequent processing. In particular, the CO₂ is converted back to methanol to directly reduce the greenhouse gas CO₂ or high purity CO₂ can be used for organic growth such as algae for multiple end uses including methanol manufacture, utilizing energy sources which can include renewable sources, such as solar, and so forth.

By separating or purifying the oxygen level in air, nitrogen can be reduced or eliminated from the engine with the resultant reduction or elimination of NOX potential from the oxidation of nitrogen. Recycling of exhaust CO₂ to the engine O₂ intake would then allow optimization of oxygen level entering the engine and the generation of a largely pure CO₂ and water vapour exhaust. This enriched CO₂ is ideal for further processing to methanol or the above-mentioned applications if desired.

Example 5 90% Methanol:5% Water:15% DME Fuel, with Heating and No Fumigation

Example 2 is repeated but with DME added to the main fuel methanol water fuel composition. Inlet air is preheated to between 50° C. and 150° C. Such an arrangement may include a turbocharger and exhaust/inlet air heat exchanger. The degree of preheat required may be low or nil in the higher load range, with modest preheat required at lower load and lower engine speed.

Example 6 Fuel Compositions for Use with the Heating Methods, with Optional Fumigants

In the following table examples of methanol/water fuel compositions are outlined for the operation of combustion ignition engines with inlet air preheating. These methanol/water fuel compositions can be operated with inlet air preheating at a level of at least 50° C. or at least 100° C. or at least 150° C. or at least 200° C. or at least 250° C. or at least 300° C. or higher (depending on the prevailing conditions). The fuel compositions can additionally (or alternatively to inlet air preheating) be used in combination with a fumigant, and examples of suitable fumigants for the fuels are presented in the second part of the table. The main fuel of each numbered line can be paired with a suitable fumigant on the same numbered line, although pairings between neighbouring fuels and fumigants are possible. Regarding the identity of the fuel extenders, lubricants, ignition improvers and other additives, these are selected from the examples provided in the detailed description above. The % amount referred to in the table for these additives refers to the amount of a single additive of that description, or the total of the additives of that description when a combination of more than one such additive of that class is used. Specific examples utilise sugar or fatty acid ester as fuel extender, fatty acid ester or ethanolamine derivate as lubricity additive, ether as ignition enhancer, and product colour and flame colour additives as the additional additive.

Various fumigants are indicated in the tables, some lower in their ignition properties than those classed as higher ignition components. The components listed are not exhaustive, other suitable components listed elsewhere in this document and known to those skilled in the art may also be used.

Whole Fuel Basis (% Wt) Additives Class 1 Additives Class 2 Additives Class 3 Additives Class 4 Water % Methanol % Additives % Fuel Extenders Lubricants Ignition Improvers Other MAIN FUEL 1. 0.2 91.15 8.65 0.15 1.5 5 2 2. 0.2 89.65 10.15 0.15 3 5 2 3. 0.2 87.65 12.15 0.15 5 5 2 4. 0.2 91.15 8.65 0.15 1.5 5 2 5. 0.2 89.65 10.15 0.15 3 5 2 6. 0.2 81.65 18.15 0.15 5 10 3 7. 0.2 85.15 14.65 0.15 1.5 10 3 8. 0.2 83.65 16.15 0.15 3 10 3 9. 0.2 81.65 18.15 0.15 5 10 3 10. 0.2 85.15 14.65 0.15 1.5 10 3 11. 1 82.85 16.15 0.15 3 10 3 12. 1 94.35 4.65 1.15 1.5 0 2 13. 1 90.85 8.15 2.15 3 0 3 14. 1 88.85 10.15 3.15 5 0 2 15. 1 90.35 8.65 4.15 1.5 0 3 16. 1 88.85 10.15 5.15 3 0 2 17. 1 79.85 19.15 6.15 5 5 3 18. 1 83.35 15.65 7.15 1.5 5 2 19. 1 79.85 19.15 8.15 3 5 3 20. 1 75.85 23.15 9.15 5 5 4 21. 5 73.35 21.65 10.15 1.5 5 5 22. 5 90.35 4.65 1.15 1.5 0 2 23. 5 87.85 7.15 2.15 3 0 2 24. 5 84.85 10.15 3.15 5 0 2 25. 5 82.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 26. 5 79.85 15.15 5.15 3 5 2 27. 5 70.85 24.15 6.15 5 10 3 28. 5 73.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 29. 5 65.85 29.15 8.15 3 15 3 30. 5 62.85 32.15 9.15 5 15 3 31. 10 55.35 34.65 10.15 1.5 20 3 32. 10 82.85 7.15 1.15 3 0 3 33. 10 84.35 5.65 2.15 1.5 0 2 34. 10 80.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 35. 10 73.85 16.15 4.15 5 5 2 36. 10 75.35 14.65 5.15 1.5 5 3 37. 10 68.85 21.15 6.15 3 10 2 38. 10 64.85 25.15 7.15 5 10 3 39. 10 63.35 26.65 8.15 1.5 15 2 40. 10 59.85 30.15 9.15 3 15 3 41. 15 45.85 39.15 10.15 5 20 4 42. 15 77.35 7.65 1.15 1.5 0 5 43. 15 79.35 5.65 2.15 1.5 0 2 44. 15 76.85 8.15 3.15 3 0 2 45. 15 68.85 16.15 4.15 5 5 2 46. 15 71.35 13.65 5.15 1.5 5 2 47. 15 63.85 21.15 6.15 3 10 2 48. 15 59.85 25.15 7.15 5 10 3 49. 15 57.35 27.65 8.15 1.5 15 3 50. 15 54.85 30.15 9.15 3 15 3 51. 20 41.85 38.15 10.15 5 20 3 52. 20 74.35 5.65 1.15 1.5 0 3 53. 20 71.85 8.15 2.15 3 0 3 54. 20 73.35 6.65 3.15 1.5 0 2 55. 20 64.85 15.15 4.15 3 5 3 56. 20 62.85 17.15 5.15 5 5 2 57. 20 59.35 20.65 6.15 1.5 10 3 58. 20 57.85 22.15 7.15 3 10 2 59. 20 48.85 31.15 8.15 5 15 3 60. 20 52.35 27.65 9.15 1.5 15 2 61. 25 38.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 62. 25 64.85 10.15 1.15 5 0 4 63. 25 66.35 8.65 2.15 1.5 0 5 64. 25 68.35 6.65 3.15 1.5 0 2 65. 25 60.85 14.15 4.15 3 5 2 66. 25 57.85 17.15 5.15 5 5 2 67. 25 55.35 19.65 6.15 1.5 10 2 68. 25 52.85 22.15 7.15 3 10 2 69. 25 43.85 31.15 8.15 5 15 3 70. 25 46.35 28.65 9.15 1.5 15 3 71. 30 33.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 72. 30 60.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 73. 30 63.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 74. 30 60.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 75. 30 57.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 76. 30 53.85 16.15 5.15 3 5 3 77. 30 46.85 23.15 6.15 5 10 2 78. 30 48.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 79. 30 41.85 28.15 8.15 3 15 2 80. 30 37.85 32.15 9.15 5 15 3 81. 40 26.35 33.65 10.15 1.5 20 2 82. 40 38.85 21.15 5.15 3 10 3 83. 40 29.85 30.15 6.15 5 15 4 84. 40 26.35 33.65 7.15 1.5 20 5 85. 50 27.85 22.15 5.15 5 10 2 86. 50 24.35 25.65 6.15 1.5 15 3 87. 50 17.85 32.15 7.15 3 20 2 88. 60 16.85 23.15 5.15 5 10 3 89. 60 18.35 21.65 6.15 1.5 10 4 90. 60 17.85 22.15 7.15 5 5 5 91. 10 55.35 34.65 10.15 1.5 20 3 92. 10 82.85 7.15 1.15 3 0 3 93. 10 84.35 5.65 2.15 1.5 0 2 94. 10 80.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 95. 10 73.85 16.15 4.15 5 5 2 96. 10 75.35 14.65 5.15 1.5 5 3 97. 10 68.85 21.15 6.15 3 10 2 98. 10 64.85 25.15 7.15 5 10 3 99. 10 63.35 26.65 8.15 1.5 15 2 100. 10 59.85 30.15 9.15 3 15 3 101. 15 45.85 39.15 10.15 5 20 4 102. 15 77.35 7.65 1.15 1.5 0 5 103. 15 79.35 5.65 2.15 1.5 0 2 104. 15 76.85 8.15 3.15 3 0 2 105. 15 68.85 16.15 4.15 5 5 2 106. 15 71.35 13.65 5.15 1.5 5 2 107. 15 63.85 21.15 6.15 3 10 2 108. 15 59.85 25.15 7.15 5 10 3 109. 15 57.35 27.65 8.15 1.5 15 3 110. 15 54.85 30.15 9.15 3 15 3 111. 20 41.85 38.15 10.15 5 20 3 112. 20 74.35 5.65 1.15 1.5 0 3 113. 20 71.85 8.15 2.15 3 0 3 114. 20 73.35 6.65 3.15 1.5 0 2 115. 20 64.85 15.15 4.15 3 5 3 116. 20 62.85 17.15 5.15 5 5 2 117. 20 59.35 20.65 6.15 1.5 10 3 118. 20 57.85 22.15 7.15 3 10 2 119. 20 48.85 31.15 8.15 5 15 3 120. 20 52.35 27.65 9.15 1.5 15 2 121. 25 38.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 122. 25 64.85 10.15 1.15 5 0 4 123. 25 66.35 8.65 2.15 1.5 0 5 124. 25 68.35 6.65 3.15 1.5 0 2 125. 25 60.85 14.15 4.15 3 5 2 126. 25 57.85 17.15 5.15 5 5 2 127. 25 55.35 19.65 6.15 1.5 10 2 128. 25 52.85 22.15 7.15 3 10 2 129. 25 43.85 31.15 8.15 5 15 3 130. 25 46.35 28.65 9.15 1.5 15 3 131. 30 33.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 132. 30 60.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 133. 30 63.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 134. 30 60.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 135. 30 57.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 136. 30 53.85 16.15 5.15 3 5 3 137. 30 46.85 23.15 6.15 5 10 2 138. 30 48.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 139. 30 41.85 28.15 8.15 3 15 2 140. 30 37.85 32.15 9.15 5 15 3 141. 40 23.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 142. 40 50.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 143. 40 53.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 144. 40 50.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 145. 40 47.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 146. 40 43.85 16.15 5.15 3 5 3 147. 40 36.85 23.15 6.15 5 10 2 148. 40 38.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 149. 40 31.85 28.15 8.15 3 15 2 150. 40 27.85 32.15 9.15 5 15 3 151. 50 13.85 36.15 10.15 3 20 3 152. 50 40.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 153. 50 43.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 154. 50 40.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 155. 50 37.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 156. 50 33.85 16.15 5.15 3 5 3 157. 50 26.85 23.15 6.15 5 10 2 158. 50 28.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 159. 50 21.85 28.15 8.15 3 15 2 160. 50 17.85 32.15 9.15 5 15 3 161. 60 15.85 24.15 10.15 3 8 3 162. 60 30.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 163. 60 33.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 164. 60 30.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 165. 60 27.35 12.65 4.15 1.5 5 2 166. 60 23.85 16.15 5.15 3 5 3 167. 60 16.85 23.15 6.15 5 10 2 168. 60 18.35 21.65 7.15 1.5 10 3 169. 60 16.85 23.15 8.15 3 10 2 170. 60 17.85 22.15 9.15 5 5 3 171. 70 18 12 1 3 5 3 172. 70 20.85 9.15 1.15 5 0 3 173. 70 23.35 6.65 2.15 1.5 0 3 174. 70 20.85 9.15 3.15 3 0 3 175. 70 18.35 11.65 4.15 1.5 4 2 176. 70 17.85 12.15 5.15 3 5 3 177. 70 18 12 6.15 5 10 2 178. 70 19 11 7.15 1.5 10 3 179. 70 18 12 8.15 3 15 2 180. 70 18 12 1 5 3 3

Lower Lower Higher Higher Higher Ignition Ignition Ignition Ignition Ignition Water Fumigant Methanol LPG Butane DME DEE DIPE Water as a % of % in % in % in % in % in % in Heat Main Fuel Fumigant Fumigant Fumigant Fumigant Fumigant Fumigant Method Comment 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 1) 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 2) 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 11. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 12. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 13. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 14. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 16. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 18. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 19. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 20. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 21. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 22. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 23. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 24. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 25. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 26. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 27. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 28. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 29. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 30. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 31. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 32. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 33. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 34. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 35. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 36. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 37. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 38. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 39. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 40. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 41. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 42. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 43. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 44. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 45. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 46. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 47. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 48. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 49. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 50. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 51. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 52. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 53. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 54. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 55. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 56. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 57. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 58. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 59. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 60. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 61. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 62. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 63. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 64. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 65. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 66. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 67. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 68. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 69. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 70. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 71. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 72. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 73. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 74. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 75. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 76. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 77. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 78. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 79. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 80. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 81. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 82. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 83. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 84. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 85. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 86. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 87. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 88. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 89. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 90. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 yes 91. 1 0 100 0 yes 92. 1 4 95 1 yes 93. 1 13 85 2 yes 94. 1 17 80 3 yes 95. 1 21 75 4 yes 96. 1 25 70 5 yes 97. 2 29 65 6 yes 98. 2 33 60 7 yes 99. 1 2 90 8 yes 100. 1 1 90 9 yes 101. 1 0 100 0 yes 102. 1 4 95 1 yes 103. 2 13 85 2 yes 104. 2 17 80 3 yes 105. 2 21 75 4 yes 106. 2 25 70 5 yes 107. 2 29 65 6 yes 108. 2 33 60 7 yes 109. 1 2 90 8 yes 110. 1 1 90 9 yes 111. 2 0 100 0 yes 112. 2 4 95 1 yes 113. 2 13 85 2 yes 114. 2 17 80 3 yes 115. 2 21 75 4 yes 116. 2 25 70 5 yes 117. 3 29 65 6 yes 118. 3 33 60 7 yes 119. 2 2 90 8 yes 120. 2 1 90 9 yes 121. 2 0 100 0 yes 122. 2 4 95 1 yes 123. 2 13 85 2 yes 124. 3 17 80 3 yes 125. 3 21 75 4 yes 126. 3 25 70 5 yes 127. 3 29 65 6 yes 128. 3 33 60 7 yes 129. 2 2 90 8 yes 130. 2 1 90 9 yes 131. 3 0 100 0 yes 132. 3 4 95 1 yes 133. 3 13 85 2 yes 134. 3 17 80 3 yes 135. 4 21 75 4 yes 136. 4 25 20 50 5 yes 137. 4 29 65 6 yes 138. 4 33 60 7 yes 139. 3 2 90 8 yes 140. 3 1 90 9 yes 141. 4 0 100 0 yes 142. 4 4 95 1 yes 143. 4 13 85 2 yes 144. 5 17 80 3 yes 145. 5 21 75 4 yes 146. 5 25 70 5 yes 147. 6 29 65 6 yes 148. 6 33 60 7 yes 149. 4 2 90 8 yes 150. 4 1 90 9 yes 151. 5 0 100 0 yes 152. 5 4 95 1 yes 153. 5 13 85 2 yes 154. 6 17 80 3 yes 155. 6 21 75 4 yes 156. 7 25 70 5 yes 157. 7 29 65 6 yes 158. 8 33 60 7 yes 159. 5 2 90 8 yes 160. 5 1 90 9 yes 161. 6 0 100 0 yes 162. 7 4 95 1 yes 163. 7 13 85 2 yes 164. 8 17 80 3 yes 165. 8 21 75 4 yes 166. 9 25 70 5 yes 167. 10 29 65 6 yes 168. 11 33 60 7 yes 169. 7 2 90 8 yes 170. 7 1 90 9 yes 171. 9 0 100 0 yes 172. 9 4 95 1 yes 173. 11 13 85 2 yes 174. 11 17 80 3 yes 175. 12 21 75 4 yes 176. 13 25 70 5 yes 177. 14 29 65 6 yes 178. 15 33 60 7 yes 179. 10 2 90 8 yes 180. 10 1 90 9 yes ^(Δ)% by weight; additional to the 100% water/methanol combination * by weight of total fuel intake 

The claims defining the invention are as follows:
 1. A diesel engine fuel composition comprising: methanol at a level of at least 20% by weight of the fuel; water at a level at least 20% by weight of the fuel; a ratio of water to methanol of between 20:80 to 80:20; a total amount of water and methanol of at least 60% by weight of the fuel composition, and one or more additives, in a total amount of at least 0.1% by weight of the fuel, wherein the level of sodium chloride, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 0.5% by weight of the fuel, and the level of flavourant, if present as an additive, is between 0 to 1.5% of the composition.
 2. The diesel engine fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the additives are selected from the group consisting of: ignition improvers, fuel extenders, combustion enhancers, oxygen absorbing oil, lubricity additives, product colouration additives, flame colour additives, anti corrosion additives, biocides, freeze point depressants, deposit reductants, denaturants, pH controlling agents, and mixtures thereof.
 3. A diesel engine fuel composition comprising methanol and water, and one or more additives selected from the group consisting of: ignition improvers, fuel extenders, combustion enhancers, oxygen absorbing oil, lubricity additives, product colouration additives, flame colour additives, anti corrosion additives, biocides, freeze point depressants, deposit reductants, denaturants, pH controlling agents, and mixtures thereof.
 4. The diesel fuel of claim 3, wherein the fuel comprises from 3% to 40% water, and not more than 20% dimethyl ether.
 5. A diesel engine fuel composition of claim 3, comprising between 12% and 23% water, methanol, and not more than 20% by weight of additives.
 6. The diesel engine fuel composition according to claim 3, comprising between 20% and 68% by weight water, methanol, and not more than 20% by weight of additives.
 7. The diesel engine fuel composition according to claim 3, comprising between 20% and 22% by weight water, methanol, and not more than 20% by weight of additives.
 8. The diesel engine fuel composition according to claim 3, comprising between 20% and 22% by weight water, 4-6% by weight DME and methanol.
 9. The diesel fuel composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the diesel fuel composition is a single phase fuel composition.
 10. The diesel fuel composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the total amount of water and methanol is at least 80% by weight of the fuel composition.
 11. The diesel fuel composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising dimethyl either as one additive in an amount of not more than 20% by weight of the fuel composition.
 12. The diesel fuel composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the methanol in the diesel fuel composition is a crude methanol.
 13. The diesel fuel composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the additives comprise: a product colouration additive at up to 1% by weight, and a flame colour additive, at up to 1% by weight of the fuel.
 14. A process for powering a compression ignition engine using a fuel comprising methanol and water, including: pre-heating an intake air stream, introducing the pre-heated air into a combustion chamber of the engine and compressing the pre-heated air; and introducing the fuel into the combustion chamber and igniting the fuel/air mixture to drive the engine.
 15. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in claim 14, including pre-heating the intake air to 150° C.-300° C.
 16. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in claim 14 or 15, including passing exhaust material from the engine through a heat exchanger to pre-heat the intake air stream entering the engine.
 17. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in claim 16, including cooling exhaust material through the heat exchanger, collecting water from the cooled exhaust material and recycling at least a portion back to the fuel.
 18. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in claim 16, including cooling exhaust material through the heat exchanger, collecting water and fuel and other combustible components from the cooled exhaust material and recycling at least a portion back to the fuel.
 19. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 18, including condensing exhaust material, collecting water from the condensed exhaust material and recycling at least a portion back to the fuel.
 20. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 17 to 19, including using a salt water/water heat exchanger to condense water from the exhaust material.
 21. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 20, including purifying particulates from exhaust material and recycling the particulates back to the engine.
 22. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 21, including adding a chemical treatment to the fuel to neutralise any pH or other imbalances.
 23. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 22, including purifying exhaust material to capture unburnt exhaust pollutants and recycling these to the engine.
 24. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in any one of claims 14 to 23, including fumigating the inlet air with a fumigant containing an ignition enhancer.
 25. A power generation system comprising: powering a compression ignition engine using a methanol-water fuel to generate power; preheating an inlet air stream of the compression ignition engine, and/or fumigating the inlet air stream with an ignition enhancer; treating engine exhaust gas to recover exhaust heat and/or water from the engine, and redirecting the heat and/or water for further use.
 26. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising recycling the exhaust heat and/or water back into the engine.
 27. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising exchanging heat from the exhaust gas through a heat exchanger to water in a hot water loop, and transferring heat in the water through the hot water loop to a local community.
 28. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, wherein the system is adapted to power a rail vehicle, comprising treating exhaust gas to remove particulates from the exhaust gas and recover heat and water to recycle back into the engine and/or to use on the rail vehicle.
 29. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, wherein the power generating system is adapted to power a marine vehicle, comprising treating exhaust gas in a desalinator to recover heat and water to recycle back into the engine and/or to redirect for use on the marine vehicle.
 30. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising mixing engine exhaust gas with water in a mixer to cool the exhaust gas and recover water from exhaust gas condensate.
 31. The power generation system claimed in claim 30, comprising pumping water from the mixer to a liquid/gas heat exchanger to further cool the water.
 32. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising recovering water from exhaust gas in a final stage exhaust gas condenser.
 33. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, including adding a chemical treatment to the exhaust gas to neutralise any pH or other imbalances.
 34. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising processing in a pre-processor a pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and ether, and optionally water, wherein the pre-processor separates the ether from the methanol, and the using the ether as the ignition enhancer in fumigating the inlet stream.
 35. The power generation system claimed in claim 34, wherein the pre-fuel composition comprises 7-10% of ether.
 36. The process for powering a compression ignition engine as claimed in claim 25, including pre-heating the intake air to 150° C.-300° C.
 37. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising adding water to the methanol-based fuel for powering the engine using methanol-water fuel.
 38. The power generation system claimed in claim 25, comprising transporting the fuel from a fuel manufacturing plant to the engine location.
 39. The power generation system claimed in claim 34, comprising transporting the pre-fuel composition from a fuel manufacturing plant to the engine location.
 40. A method of transporting a two-part pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and ether, including transporting the pre-fuel from a first location to a second location remote from the first location, and separating the ether from the methanol to yield a first fuel part comprising methanol, and a second fuel part comprising ether.
 41. A pre-fuel composition comprising methanol and up to 10% by weight of an ether.
 42. The pre-fuel of claim 41, further comprising water.
 43. Use of the diesel fuel composition of any one of claims 1 to 13 in the process of any one of claims 14 to 24, or power generation system of any one of claims 25 to
 39. 